1、October 2007DEUTSCHE NORM English price group 17No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 13.080.05!$IGz“1383687
2、www.din.deDDIN ISO 10381-7Soil quality Sampling Part 7: Guidance on sampling of soil gas (ISO 10381-7:2005)English version of DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10Bodenbeschaffenheit Probenahme Teil 7: Anleitung zur Entnahme von Bodenluftproben (ISO 10381-7:2005)Englische Fassung DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10www.beuth.
3、deDocument comprises 43 pages 2 Contents Page National foreword 2 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography .3 Introduction 5 1 Scope .6 2 Normative references .6 3 Terms and definitions 6 4 Preliminary points to be considered .9 5 Permanent gases . 10 6 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) . 21 Ann
4、ex A (informative) Sampling protocol 32 Annex B (informative) Anaerobic degradation and the formation of methane and carbon dioxide 34 Annex C (informative) Strategy of soil-gas investigations . 36 Annex D (informative) Apparatus for measurement of gas flow rate 39 Annex E (informative) Portable equ
5、ipment for measurement of concentrations of permanent gases . 40 Bibliography 43 National foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality”, Subcommittee SC 2 “Sampling”. The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Wasserwes
6、en (Water Practice Standards Committee), Technical Committee NA 119-01-02 AA Boden- und Abfalluntersuchung. Expert assistance and specialized laboratories will be recommended to perform the sampling procedures described in this standard. The measurement of organic pollutants in soil gas is not only
7、dealt with in a number of German standards, but also in a series of VDI Codes of practice, VDI 3865 Part 1 to Part 4. The conception of these codes of practice is to provide the entire measurement method (planning and strategy, sampling, analyses, assessment) on a modular basis, which allows for dif
8、ferent combinations of sampling and analyzing methods. Part 1 deals with the planning and strategy of soil-gas measurements, Part 2 specifies techniques of active sampling of soil gas. Parts 3 and 4 describe the respective analytical methods for the determination of organic compounds. The VDI 3865 C
9、odes of practice series informs the user of the boundary conditions for soil-gas measurements and for the assessment of damage. DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10 3 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN shall not be held respon
10、sible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality Sampling: Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques Part 3: Guidance on safety Part 4: Guidance on the procedure fo
11、r investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in
12、the laboratory Part 7: Guidance on sampling of soil gas Part 8: Guidance on sampling of stockpiles The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in clause 2 and in the bibliography of the ISO Standard are as follows: ISO 10381-1 DIN ISO 10381-1 ISO 10381-2 DIN ISO 10381-
13、2 ISO 10381-3 DIN ISO 10381-3 ISO 11074-1 DIN ISO 11074-1 ISO 11259 DIN ISO 11259 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 10381-1, Soil quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes DIN ISO 10381-2, Soil quality Sampling Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques D
14、IN ISO 10381-3, Soil quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on safety DIN ISO 11074-1, Soil quality Vocabulary Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil DIN ISO 11259, Soil quality Simplified soil description VDI 3865-1, Measurement of organic soil pollutants Plan
15、ning of measurements for the determination of volatile organic compounds in soil gas DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-104 VDI 3865-2, Measurement of organic soil pollutants Techniques of active sampling of soil gas VDI 3865-3, Measurement of organic soil pollutants Gas-chromatographic determination of volatile
16、organic compounds in soil gas adsorption at activated carbon and desorption with organic solvents VDI 3865-4, Measurement of organic soil pollutants Gas chromatographic determination of volatile organic compounds in soil gas Direct measurement Landesanstalt fr Umweltschutz Baden-Wrttemberg (Regional
17、 Environmental Protection Office of Baden-Wrttemberg): Handlungsempfehlung, Durchfhrung von Deponiegasmessungen bei Altablagerungen, Altlasten und Grundwasserschadensflle (Recommendations for landfill-gas measurements on deposits (abandoned waste and groundwater contamination), Volume 34, 2001 Lande
18、sanstalt fr Umweltschutz Baden-Wrttemberg (Regional Environmental Protection Office of Baden-Wrttemberg): Handlungsempfehlung, Entnahme von Bodenluftproben, Altlasten und Grundwasser-schadensflle (Recommendations for soil-gas sampling (abandoned waste and groundwater contamination), Volume 32, 2001
19、DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10 Introduction ISO 10381-7 is one of a group of International Standards to be used in conjunction with each other where necessary. ISO 10381 (all parts) deals with sampling procedures for the various purposes of soil investigation. The stated soil-gas and landfill-gas measureme
20、nts do not give any quantitative statement of the total quantity of material detected in soil gas or soil. The measurement results can be influenced by, e.g. temperature, humidity, air pressure, minimum extraction depth, etc. The general terminology used is in accordance with that established in ISO
21、/TC 190 and, more particularly, with the vocabulary given in ISO 11074-2. In addition to the main components (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide), soil gas can contain other gases (methane, carbon monoxide, mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, helium, neon, argon, xenon, radon, etc.). It can also co
22、ntain highly volatile organic compounds or inorganic vapours (mercury) which are of special interest within the framework of investigating soil and groundwater contamination. Due to the different physical properties and ranges of concentrations of gases in soil and landfills as well as the wide vari
23、ety of objectives for soil-gas sampling, this part of ISO 10381, after the general clauses 1 to 4, is subdivided into two sections: a) permanent gases of soil gas and landfill gas (Clause 5); and b) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Clause 6). Thus it is inevitable that some details are repeated in
24、 both clauses in order to make the guidance comprehensive. 5 Soil quality Sampling Part 7: Guidance on sampling of soil gas DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10WARNING This part of ISO 10381 concerns on-site soil and sub-soil gas analysis requiring particular health and personal safety precautions. 1 Scope This
25、part of ISO 10381 contains guidance on the sampling of soil gas. This part of ISO 10381 is not applicable to the measurement of gases from the soil entering into the atmosphere, the sampling of atmospheric gases, or passive sampling procedures. 2 Normative references The following referenced documen
26、ts are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 10381-1, Soil quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling pro
27、grammes ISO 10381-2, Soil quality Sampling Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques ISO 10381-3, Soil quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on safety ISO 11074-1, Soil quality Vocabulary Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil ISO 11074-2, Soil quality Vocabular
28、y Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-1 and ISO 11074-2 and the following apply. 3.1 active soil-gas sampling sampling by extracting a certain volume of soil gas 3.2 biodegradation
29、the physical and chemical breakdown of a substance by living organisms, mainly bacteria and/or fungi 6 DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10 3.3 borehole hole formed into soil or landfilled material into which may be installed a standpipe to enable gas monitoring to be carried out NOTE A borehole is also used as
30、a means of venting or withdrawing gas. 3.4 concentration/adsorption method method in which substances to be determined are concentrated adsorptively on an adsorbent (e.g. activated charcoal or XAD-4 resin), subsequently desorbed and analysed 3.5 dead volume volume which is present between the suctio
31、n opening of the soil-gas probe and the sampling vial, including the volume of the sampling vial or of the absorption tube 3.6 direct method direct measuring method method of analysis where the soil-gas sample (aliquot) is directly introduced into a suitable equipment without first being concentrate
32、d and subjected to analysis 3.7 direct-reading detecting tube glass tube filled with reagents which, after drawing through certain gaseous compounds, show concentration-dependent chromophoric reactions and which are thus used for qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses as well NOTE It is importan
33、t that attention be paid to cross-sensitivities. 3.8 gas migration movement of gas and vapour from the wastes within a landfill or through the ground to the adjoining strata, or emission to the atmosphere 3.9 gas monitoring well standpipe suitably installed inside a borehole from which gas samples c
34、an be taken to measure soil-gas concentrations and to monitor changes in composition of soil gas or soil-gas migration 3.10 gas sampling collection of a proportion of material for testing such that the material taken is representative of the gas in the pore space of the location of sampling 3.11 lan
35、dfill deposition of waste into or onto the land as a means of disposal NOTE It can eventually provide land which may be used for another purpose. 3.12 landfill gas mixture of permanent gases (main components), dominated by methane and carbon dioxide, formed by the decomposition of degradable wastes
36、within landfill sites NOTE It can also include a large number of VOCs (trace components). 7 DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-103.13 lower explosive limit LEL lowest percentage (volume fraction) of a mixture of flammable gas with air which will propagate an explosion in a confined space at 25 C and atmospheric p
37、ressure 3.14 one-stage soil-gas sampling sampling of soil gas directly from a soil-gas probe placed in soil, without pre-drilling 3.15 passive soil-gas sampling sampling based on the adsorption of soil gas on an absorbent placed in soil, without employing negative pressure 3.16 permanent gas element
38、 or compound with boiling point below 60 C at atmospheric pressure 3.17 sample volume volume of soil from which the soil-gas sample is taken 3.18 soil gas gas and vapour in the pore spaces of soils 3.19 soil-gas monitoring device borehole finished with suitable material for stabilisation of the bore
39、hole wall and/or for limiting the sampling area. NOTE Depending on the type and stability of fitting, a difference is made between temporary (for single or short-term repeated soil sampling) and stationary (for long-term observations) soil-gas measuring points. 3.20 soil-gas probe soil-gas sampling
40、probe probe, generally a tube, which is installed directly into soil (one-stage soil-gas sampling), or in a borehole (two-stage soil-gas sampling) to take soil-gas samples. NOTE By applying a negative pressure to the upper end of the soil-gas probe (head), the soil gas at the lower end (tip) is draw
41、n through the suction opening(s) and transferred to a gas collecting equipment and online measurement equipment (direct measuring method) or to an absorbent (concentration method), which are installed either in or at the head of the soil-gas probe or subsequently used. 3.21 soil-gas suction test con
42、tinuous soil-gas sampling from a borehole well over a controlled longer period of time (mostly several hours up to days) to observe the variations over time of the gas concentrations and of the pressure distribution in the soil 3.22 two-stage soil-gas sampling sampling done firstly through installat
43、ion of a borehole with the aid of a drilling instrument or by small boring, and secondly by sampling of soil gas from a soil-gas probe installed in the borehole 8 DIN ISO 10381-7:2007-10 3.23 volatile organic compound VOC compound which is liquid at room temperature (20 C) and which generally has a
44、boiling point below 180 C EXAMPLES single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and other low boiling halogenated hydrocarbons, which are used as solvents or fuels, and some degradation products. 4 Preliminary points to be considered The choice of sampling technique shall be consistent with the requirements of
45、 the investigation (including subsequent analytical procedures). Consideration should also be given to the nature of ground under investigation, as well as the nature and distribution of contamination, the geology and the hydrogeology. Every effort should be made to avoid cross-contamination and at
46、no point should underlying aquifers be put at risk. Before intrusive works begin, a comprehensive check should be made of the ground to ensure that no services or structures are at risk and no hazards are present. (For more information on sampling techniques and safety, see ISO 10381-2 and ISO 10381
47、-3.) When sampling soil gas close to the surface, the effect of ambient air penetration needs to be considered. The sampling depth is determined by the presence of impermeable cover over the ground surface, the soil type (porosity, clay content, etc.) and the depth of bedrock. It is considered unlik
48、ely that useful samples can be collected at depth less than 0,5 m. For routine monitoring of soil gas, a minimum depth of 1 m is recommended. Circumstances in cold conditions make soil-gas sampling difficult in many ways. Ground frost greatly limits the mobility of gas in soil and should be consider
49、ed in planning and carrying out sampling as well as in interpreting the measuring results. Similarly water saturated ground can limit mobility. The main problem with soil-gas sampling below the frozen ground is the loss of air-filled porosity due to the high moisture content in the zone between frozen and unfrozen parts of the ground. Consequently the samples shall be taken from greater depths. All buildings constructed on unfrozen ground act as pathways or barriers for upwards soil-gas migration. U
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