1、September 2016 English price group 11No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 49.140!%ZlS“2557348www.din.deD
2、IN ISO 16290Space systems Definition of the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and their criteria of assessment (ISO 16290:2013),English translation of DIN ISO 16290:2016-09Raumfahrtsysteme Definition des Technologie-Reifegrades (TRL) und der Beurteilungskriterien (ISO 16290:2013),Englische bersetzu
3、ng von DIN ISO 16290:2016-09Systmes spatiaux Dfinition des Niveaux de Maturit de la Technologie (NMT) et de leurs critres dvaluation (ISO 16290:2013),Traduction anglaise de DIN ISO 16290:2016-09www.beuth.deDocument comprises 16 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-lan
4、guage original shall be considered authoritative.08.16 A comma is used as the decimal marker. Contents PageNational foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope . 52 Terms and definitions . 53 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 83.1 General . 83.2 TRL 1 Basic principles observed and reported 93.3 TRL 2 Technolo
5、gy concept and/or application formulated 93.4 TRL 3 Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept . 103.5 TRL 4 Component and/or breadboard functional verification in laboratory environment . 103.6 TRL 5 Component and/or breadboard critical function verificatio
6、n in a relevant environment . 113.7 TRL 6 Model demonstrating the critical functions of the element in a relevant environment . 123.8 TRL 7 Model demonstrating the element performance for the operational environment 133.9 TRL 8 Actual system completed and accepted for flight (“flight qualified”) . 1
7、33.10 TRL 9 Actual system “flight proven” through successful mission operations 144 Summary table .14Bibliography .16DIN ISO 16290:2016-09 2 National foreword The text of ISO 16290:2016 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20/SC 14 “Space systems and operations” (Secretariat: ANSI, USA). The r
8、esponsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Luft- und Raumfahrt (DIN Standards Committee Aerospace), Working Committee NA 131-05-01 AA Grundlagen und Managementverfahren. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subjec
9、t of patent rights. DIN and/or DKE shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. DIN ISO 16290:2016-09 3 IntroductionTechnology Readiness Levels (TRLs) are used to quantify the technology maturity status of an element intended to be used in a mission. Mature technology
10、 corresponds to the highest TRL, namely TRL 9, or flight proven elements.The TRL scale can be useful in many areas including, but not limited to the following examples:a) For early monitoring of basic or specific technology developments serving a given future mission or a family of future missions;b
11、) For providing a status on the technical readiness of a future project, as input to the project implementation decision process;c) In some cases, for monitoring the technology progress throughout development.The TRL descriptions are provided in Clause 3 of this International Standard. The achieveme
12、nts that are requested for enabling the TRL assessment at each level are identified in the summary table in Clause 4. The detailed procedure for the TRL assessment is to be defined by the relevant organization or institute in charge of the activity.This International Standard was produced by taking
13、due consideration of previous available documents on the subject, in particular including those from the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), the US Department of Defence (DoD) and European space institutions (DLR, CNES and ESA).DIN ISO 16290:2016-09 4 Space systems Definition of the Te
14、chnology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and their criteria of assessment1 ScopeThis International Standard defines Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). It is applicable primarily to space system hardware, although the definitions could be used in a wider domain in many cases.The definition of the TRLs provi
15、des the conditions to be met at each level, enabling accurate TRL assessment.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1breadboardphysical model (2.10) designed to test functionality and tailored to the demonstration need2.2critical functio
16、n of an elementmandatory function which requires specific technology (2.19) verificationNote 1 to entry: This situation occurs when either the element or components of the element are new and cannot be assessed by relying on previous realizations, or when the element is used in a new domain, such as
17、 new environmental conditions or a new specific use not previously demonstrated.Note 2 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical function” always refers to “technology critical function” and should not be confused with “safety critical function”.Note 3 to entry: Wherever used
18、 in this International Standard, “critical function” always refers to “critical function of an element”.2.3critical part of an elementelement (2.4) part associated to a critical functionNote 1 to entry: The critical part of an element can represent a subset of the element and the technology verifica
19、tion for the critical function may be achievable through dedicated tests achieved on the critical part only.Note 2 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical part” always refers to “technology critical part”.Note 3 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “criti
20、cal part” always refers to “critical part of an element”.2.4elementitem or object under consideration for the technology readiness assessmentNote 1 to entry: The element can be a component, a piece of equipment, a subsystem or a system.2.5element functionintended effect of the element (2.4)DIN ISO 1
21、6290:2016-09 5 2.6functional performance requirementssubset of the performance requirements (2.14) of an element (2.4) specifying the element functions (2.5)Note 1 to entry: The functional performance requirements do not necessarily include requirements resulting from the operational environment (2.
22、11).2.7laboratory environmentcontrolled environment needed for demonstrating the underlying principles and functional performanceNote 1 to entry: The laboratory environment does not necessarily address the operational environment (2.11).2.8mature technologytechnology defined by a set of reproducible
23、 processes (2.17) for the design, manufacture, test and operation of an element (2.4) for meeting a set of performance requirements (2.14) in the actual operational environment (2.11)2.9mission operationssequence of events that are defined for accomplishing the mission2.10modelphysical or abstract r
24、epresentation of relevant aspects of an element (2.4) that is put forward as a basis for calculations, predictions, tests or further assessmentNote 1 to entry: The term “model” can also be used to identify particular instances of the element, e.g. flight model.Note 2 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795
25、, definition 1.141.2.11operational environmentset of natural and induced conditions that constrain the element (2.4) from its design definition to its operationEXAMPLE 1 Natural conditions: weather, climate, ocean conditions, terrain, vegetation, dust, light, radiation, etc.EXAMPLE 2 Induced conditi
26、ons: electromagnetic interference, heat, vibration, pollution, contamination, etc.2.12operational performance requirementssubset of the performance requirements (2.14) of an element (2.4) specifying the element functions (2.5) in its operational environment (2.11)Note 1 to entry: The operational per
27、formance requirements are expressed through technical specifications covering all engineering domains. They are validated through successful in orbit operation and can be verified through a collection of element verifications on the ground which comprehensively cover the operational case.Note 2 to e
28、ntry: The full set of performance requirements of an element consists of the operational performance requirements and the performance requirements for the use of the element on ground.2.13performanceaspects of an element (2.4) observed or measured from its operation or functionNote 1 to entry: These
29、 aspects are generally quantified.Note 2 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.155.DIN ISO 16290:2016-09 6 2.14performance requirementsset of parameters that are intended to be satisfied by the element (2.4)Note 1 to entry: The complete set of performance requirements inevitably include the
30、 environment conditions in which the element is used and operated and are therefore linked to the mission(s) under consideration and also to the environment of the system in which it is incorporated.2.15processset of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputsNote 1 to
31、 entry: Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.Note 2 to entry: Processes in an organization are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to add value.Note 3 to entry: A process where the conformity of the resulting product cannot be readily economically ve
32、rified is frequently referred to as a “special process”.SOURCE: ISO 10795, definition 1.1602.16relevant environmentminimum subset of the operational environment (2.11) that is required to demonstrate critical functions of the element (2.2) performance in its operational environment (2.11)2.17reprodu
33、cible processprocess (2.15) that can be repeated in timeNote 1 to entry: It is fundamental in the definition of “mature technology” and is intimately linked to realization capability and to verifiability.Note 2 to entry: An element developed “by chance”, even if meeting the requirements, can obvious
34、ly not be declared as relying on a mature technology if there is little possibility of reproducing the element on a reliable schedule. Conversely, reproducibility implicitly introduces the notion of time in the mature technology definition. A technology can be declared mature at a given time, and de
35、graded later at a lower readiness level because of the obsolescence of its components or because the processes involve a specific organization with unique skills that has closed.2.18requirementneed or expectation that is stated and to be complied withNote 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definiti
36、on 1.190.2.19technologyapplication of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective2.20validationconfirmation, through objective evidence, that the requirements (2.18) for a specific intended use or application
37、 have been fulfilledNote 1 to entry: The term “validated” is used to designate the corresponding status.Note 2 to entry: The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.Note 3 to entry: May be determined by a combination of test, analysis, demonstration, and inspection.DIN ISO 16290:2016-
38、09 7 Note 4 to entry: When the element is validated it is confirmed that it is able to accomplish its intended use in the intended operational environment (2.11).Note 5 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.228.2.21verificationconfirmation through the provision of objective evidence that sp
39、ecified requirements (2.18) have been fulfilledNote 1 to entry: The term “verified” is used to designate the corresponding status.Note 2 to entry: Confirmation can be comprised of activities such as: performing alternative calculations, comparing a new design specification with a similar proven desi
40、gn specification, undertaking tests and demonstrations, and reviewing documents prior to issue.Note 3 to entry: Verification may be determined by a combination of test, analysis, demonstration, and inspection.Note 4 to entry: When an element is verified, it is confirmed that it meets the design spec
41、ifications.Note 5 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.2293 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)3.1 GeneralA technology for an element intended for an application reaches the maturity level, corresponding to TRL 9, when it is well-defined by a set of reproducible processes for the design, ma
42、nufacture, test and operation of the element and when, in addition, the element meets a set of performance requirements in the actual operational environment.The element under consideration is assumed to be a physical part of a system. Systems are generally subdivided into sub-systems with potential
43、ly several sub-levels. The element can be any part of the system and is not necessarily a specific sub-system or at a specific sub-level.A prerequisite for TRL assessment is the identification of the element that is subject to the assessment. Higher TRLs further require the definition of the perform
44、ance requirements, and therefore require the knowledge of the mission and the system where the element is intended to be used and its operational environment. Performance requirements can be preliminary and targeting several missions at low TRLs, then progressively refined and verified at higher lev
45、els.The entire TRL scale applies for a given element. Therefore, there is no gradation in the element complexity when moving from low to high TRLs.Higher TRLs also imply that the element is in its final form and is being integrated into a system for validation or use. Therefore, the TRL of a given e
46、lement may be downgraded if this same element is used in a different system, unless all environment and interface requirements for the element in the new system can be demonstrated to be equally or less demanding than for the original system.A TRL assessment is valid for a given element and at a giv
47、en point in time. It may evolve if the conditions that prevailed at the time of the assessment are no longer valid. Such a situation may lead to TRL reassessment and degradation, which can occur in particular when the re-build/re-use of an element is envisioned. Examples are when the obsolescence of
48、 the electronics requires modifications or when the production involves a specific knowledge that has been lost.The time or effort to move from one TRL to another are technology dependent and are not linearly connected to the TRL scale. Experience shows that they can vary widely depending on the element and
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