DIN ISO 4386-2-2015 Plain bearings - Metallic multilayer plain bearings - Part 2 Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses = 2 mm (ISO 4386-2 2012)《滑动轴承 多层金属滑.pdf

1、December 2015 English price group 8No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 21.100.10!%JwW“2398452www.din.de

2、DIN ISO 4386-2Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses English translation of DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-12Gleitlager Metallische Verbundgleitlager Teil 2: Zerstrende Prfung der Bindung fr Lagermetall-Schichtdicken 2 mm (ISO 4

3、386-2:2012),Englische bersetzung von DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-12Paliers lisses Paliers lisses mtalliques multicouches Partie 2: Dtermination par essai destructif de ladhrence du matriau antifriction dpaisseur 2 mm (ISO 4386-2:2012),Traduction anglaise de DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-12SupersedesDIN ISO 4386-2:198

4、2-10www.beuth.deDocument comprises 12 pagesDTranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative. 2 mm (ISO 4386-2:2012),12.15Introduction .1 Scope .2 Normative references 3 Principle 4 Test equipment.4.1 General .4.2 Testing apparatus .5

5、 Specimen .5.1 General .5.2 Specimen machining sequence .6 Procedure.7 Evaluation 7.1 General .7.2 Designation .7.3 Test report 8 Application for quality control and process qualification .8.1 General 8.2 Quality control 8.3 Process qualification .A comma is used as the decimal marker. Contents Page

6、 National foreword. 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography 3 4555556668999101011111111DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-122 National foreword This document (ISO 4386-2:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123 “Plain bearings” (Secretariat: JISC, Japan), Subcommittee SC 2 “Materials and lu

7、bricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions”. The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Wlz- und Gleitlager (DIN Standards Committee Rolling Bearings and Plain Bearings), Working Committee NA 118-02-02 AA Werkstoffe, Schmieru

8、ng, Prfung. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. DIN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. DIN ISO 4386 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plain bearings Meta

9、llic multilayer plain bearings: Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness 0,5 mm Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses 2 mm Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testing The DIN Standard corresponding to the International Standard referred to in th

10、is document is as follows: ISO 4381 DIN ISO 4381 Amendments This standard differs from DIN ISO 4386-2:1982-10 as follows: a) the standard has been technically and editorially revised. Previous editions DIN ISO 4386-2: 1982-10 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 4381, Plain bearings

11、Tin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-123 IntroductionLong years of experience with bond tests led to an adaptation of this part of ISO 4386. The test apparatus has been modified, to reduce the negative local bending stress influence on the specimen. The geometry of th

12、e test specimen has been modified to avoid negative influence due to tolerances. A description of the specimen machining sequence has been added to get a more uniform specimen. A subclause on the application for quality control has been added.DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-124Plain bearings Metallic multilayer

13、 plain bearings Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm 1 ScopeThis part of ISO 4386 specifies a tensile test method for determination of the bond strength between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be applied to multilayer p

14、lain bearings with bearing metals based on lead, tin, copper or aluminium. For tested layer thicknesses of 2 mm, a raw lining thickness of a minimum additional 1 mm is necessary.The backings are from steel, cast steel or copper alloys. The bond strength test does not apply to bearings with cast iron

15、 backing.The test applies to all thrust bearings and to journal bearings with an inner diameter of backing 90 mm.The test can be used for comparative investigations into the influence on the bond strength of various processes and types of material. In addition, the test is suitable for production co

16、ntrol and for process qualification of bearing production.For non-destructive ultrasonic testing of the bond between bearing metal and backing for bearing metal layer thicknesses 2 mm, see ISO 4386-1.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in th

17、is document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 4381, Plain bearings Tin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings3 PrincipleDu

18、ring the tensile testing carried out vertically to the bond surface, the bond strength RCh, in newtons per square millimetre, is the quotient of the maximum force, Fmax, in newtons and the bond surface, A, in square millimetres, of the specimen (see Table 2).NOTE The subscript “Ch” refers to the tes

19、t method proposed by Chalmers.RFACh=max(1)4 Test equipment4.1 GeneralA calibrated tensile testing machine shall be used with apparatus in accordance with Table 1.By means of careful adjustment of the apparatus, it shall be ensured that the force is acting vertically to the bond surface in order to a

20、void incorrect measurements.DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-125 4.2 Testing apparatusKey1 distance tube2 nutFigure 1 Main dimensions of apparatusNOTE Details not indicted in this part of ISO 4386 are expected to be chosen accordingly.Table 1 Dimensions and tolerances for test apparatusDimensions in millimetresT

21、ype of speci-menApparatus geometry datad4d6d7d8d9t9001+ ,001+ ,010,n.a. n.a. n.a.T 100 8,1 19,8 15,9 M 8 19 4T 200 12,1 29,1 23,9 M 12 28 45 Specimen5.1 GeneralTin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings are specified in ISO 4381.For selection of the type of specimen in the case of journal bear

22、ings, the inner diameter, d1, of the bearing has to be considered.Specimen T 100 is valid from the minimum diameter d1= 90 mm up to d1= 200 mm.Specimen T 200 is valid for all diameters d1 200 mm.DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-126 For the thrust bearings specimen, T 100 and T 200 may be used. Whenever possible,

23、 T 200 should be preferred.Both bearing metal faces shall be machined as a precondition for fixing the bearing metal layer on the test apparatus to avoid bending deformation of the bearing metal during test procedure. Use test apparatus in accordance with Table 1.Specimens shall be manufactured in a

24、ccordance with Table 2, Figure 2 and 5.1.Table 2 Dimensions and tolerances for specimens (see Figure 2)Dimensions in millimetresType of specimenBond surfaceInner diameter of the backing of journal bearingSpecimen geometry dataA mm2d1d2d3d4d5h8 H8001+ ,T 100 100 90 - 200 19,60 16 8,1 29T 200 200 200

25、28,85 24 12,1 38Key1 backing2 bearing metal3 bond surface equal to test surfaceFigure 2 Specimen (from a journal bearing) for bond testingDIN ISO 4386-2:2015-127 5.2 Specimen machining sequenceSpecimen machining sequenceStep 1: a) tighten raw specimen with bearing metal towards chuck b) machine d5c)

26、 machine backing front plane to thickness ZT 100 T 200Key 1 before machining 2 after machining Figure 3 Step 1d5= 29 Z = 8 10d5= 38 Z = 10 12Step 2: a) reverse specimen and tighten with back-ing towards chuck b) drill d4c) machine d5machine d2Machine the reference plane 0,1 mm deep into the steel, r

27、eferred to the deepest point of bond surface d) machine bearing metal front face plane The raw lining thick-ness shall be min. 3 mmKey 1 before machining 2 after machining 3 reference plane Figure 4 Step 2d4= 8,1 001+ ,d5= 29 d2= 19,60 h8d4= 12,1 001+ ,d5= 38 d2= 28,85 h8DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-128 Step

28、 3: a) reverse speci-men and tighten with bearing metal towards chuck b) machine d3with depth Z1Radius R = 0,1 mm Key 1 before machining 2 after machining Figure 5 Step 3d3= 16,0 H8 Z1001+ ,= Z + 0,9d3= 24,0 H8 Z1001+ ,= Z + 0,96 ProcedureThe apparatus, as shown in Figure 1, is mounted on the calibr

29、ated tensile testing machine. Subsequently, the specimen is locked into the apparatus, whereas the bearing metal surfaces are fixed to avoid local bending. For that purpose, hand tighten the nut (see Figure 1).The force is steadily increased until the specimen fractures.The increase in stress should

30、 be at about 10 N/mm2s.The force of the specimen fracture is read from the testing machine.7 Evaluation7.1 GeneralWith the aid of the force of failure, Fmax, found necessary to tear the bearing metal away from the backing in the region of the bond surface, the bond strength, RCh, is to be determined

31、 according to Formula (1). Previous existing local bond defects on the surface of failure shall be noted.The characteristic limiting value of layer thickness for the absolute bond strength is a property of the bearing metal. It is 6 mm for Pb and Sn alloys. For other than Pb and Sn alloys, the value

32、 shall be determined in a series of tests with different thicknesses of the bearing material layers. Above the limit, the results are independent of the layer thickness.Absolute bond strength is given when the layer thickness is greater than or equal to the characteristic limiting value of thickness

33、. The result is independent of the layer thickness of the bearing metal.Relative bond strength is given when the layer thickness is less than the characteristic limiting value of thickness. For layer thicknesses below the limiting value of thickness, it has been established experimentally that the r

34、elative bond strength drops linearly to the value zero (see Figure 2).The evaluation procedure is as follows:a) layer thickness greater than or equal to characteristic limiting value of thickness: the value found is the absolute bond strength value;Specimen machining sequenceDIN ISO 4386-2:2015-129

35、b) layer thickness less than characteristic limiting value of thickness: the value found is the relative bond strength value and has to be converted into the value of the absolute bond strength as shown in Figure 2 (as an example).All results of absolute bond strength shall be limited to the tensile

36、 strength, Rm, of the tested bearing metal.KeyX thickness of bearing metal layerY bond strength1 relative bond strength2 limiting value3 absolute bond strengthRCh1measured value in the range of the relative bond strengthRCh2value of the absolute bond strength determined graphicallyFigure 6 Principle

37、 curve of the bond strength as a function of the thickness of the bearing metal layer7.2 DesignationWith reference to this part of ISO 4386, the tensile test (represented by T) shall be indicated in the following order, for example a test surface of 200 mm2is designated as follows: Test ISO 4386-2,

38、2009- T 2007.3 Test reportA test report on the result of the test shall be drawn up (by agreement) .In the test report, the following shall be indicated:a) reference to this part of ISO 4386, i.e. ISO 4386-2;b) reference to the tested plain bearing;c) dimensions, layer thickness and materials of the

39、 plain bearing;d) type of specimen, for example T 200;e) number of specimens;DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-1210 f) for each specimen: maximum force applied until fracture of the specimen; relative and absolute bond strength determined; description of the condition of the fractured surface inclusive of detecte

40、d local bond defects or porosities;g) summary of a test series: mean value of absolute bond strength; maximum absolute bond strength; minimum absolute bond strength;h) test personnel and date of test.8 Application for quality control and process qualification8.1 GeneralThe bond strength depends on m

41、any influences, such as backing material quality, heat treatment of backing material, preparation of bond surface, bearing metal composition, casting temperature, backing temperature, backing geometry, cooling conditions, specimen machining tolerances and the test procedure itself.Because of all the

42、se influences, in practice, bond strength results may vary. Less variation of results of a tested series is an indication for high uniformity in processing.A sufficient number of specimens shall be taken from the test bearing. Specimens should be taken from the centre area of the bearing as well as

43、from the area near the border and should be marked accordingly.A test with a single specimen gives no quality indication. For a quality indication, the mean value of a series of tests shall be taken.8.2 Quality controlThrough this test procedure, usually the bearing will be destroyed. Therefore, thi

44、s test procedure is not applicable to continuous quality control. In mass production, a single bearing can be immolated each time.In single-part production, a separate bearing of the same materials and same geometry shall be produced in sequence with the original bearing, and specimens are to be tak

45、en from this separate bearing. Only this approach ensures comparable bond conditions on both bearings.A mean value of absolute bond 0,6 Rm(tensile strength) of the bearing metal is a sufficient bond for plain bearings.8.3 Process qualificationA process qualification can be carried out on a typical b

46、earing of the production range.The mean value of an absolute bond 0,8 Rm(tensile strength) of the bearing metal is a desirable bond for process qualification.The associated processing data shall be documented and shall be used in the future for the tested bearing type. When dimensions, geometry or m

47、aterials are to be modified, the process qualification shall be repeated under the new conditions.NOTE 1 A frequent reason for low bond is a processing temperature that is too low due to local temperature losses.DIN ISO 4386-2:2015-1211 If the recommended bond cannot be achieved, the heating and cooling conditions of the lining process shall be improved or a different lining proce