DIN ISO 9334-2015 Optics and photonics - Optical transfer function - Definitions and mathematical relationships (ISO 9334 2012)《光学和光子学 光学转移函数 定义和关系式(ISO 9334-2012)》.pdf

1、December 2015 English price group 12No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 01.040.17; 17.180.01!%I“2385692

2、www.din.deDIN ISO 9334Optics and photonics Optical transfer function Definitions and mathematical relationships (ISO 9334:2012, trilingual version),English translation of DIN ISO 9334:2015-12Optik und Photonik Optische bertragungsfunktion Begriffe und mathematische Beziehungen (ISO 9334:2012, dreisp

3、rachige Fassung),Englische bersetzung von DIN ISO 9334:2015-12Optique et photonique Fonction de transfert optique Dfinitions et relations mathmatiques (ISO 9334:2012, version trilingue),Traduction anglaise de DIN ISO 9334:2015-12SupersedesDIN ISO 9334:2008-08www.beuth.deDocument comprises 43 pagesDT

4、ranslation by DIN-Sprachendienst.In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.01.16 Page Introduction . 51 Scope 11 2 Normative references11 3 Fundamental definitions . 15 4 Practical definitions 33 Bibliography 40 Alphabetical index 41 French alphabetical index (

5、Index alphabtique) . 42 Russian alphabetical index ( ) 3 4A comma is used as the decimal marker. ContentsNational foreword .3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography 4 DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 2 National foreword This document (ISO 9334:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172/SC 1

6、 “Fundamental standards” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Feinmechanik und Optik (DIN Standards Committee Optics and Precision Mechanics), Working Committee NA 027-01-02 AA Grundnormen der Optik. Users of the German version

7、of this standard should note that, for a better understanding of special terms, national footnotes giving common synonyms have been included on pages 7 and 12. The DIN Standards corresponding to the International Standards referred to in this standard are as follows: ISO 9335 DIN ISO 9335 ISO 9336-3

8、 DIN ISO 9336-3 ISO 11421 DIN ISO 11421 ISO 15529 DIN ISO 15529 Amendments This standard differs from DIN ISO 9334:2008-08 as follows: a) normative references have been updated; b) some symbols have been amended (see Table 1, “point spread function”, “monochromatic point spread function”); c) the te

9、xt of the revised version ISO 9334:2012 has been adopted in its entirety. Previous editions DIN 58185-1: 1974-04 DIN ISO 9334: 2002-07, 2008-08 DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 3 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 9335, Optics and photonics Optical transfer function Principles and procedures o

10、f measurement DIN ISO 9336-3, Optics and optical instruments Optical transfer function Application Part 3: Telescopes DIN ISO 11421, Optics and optical instruments Accuracy of optical transfer function (OTF) measurements DIN ISO 15529, Optics and photonics Optical transfer function Principles of mea

11、surement of modulation transfer function (MTF) of sampled imaging systems DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 4 Introduction The optical transfer function (OTF) is an important aid to objective evaluation of the image-forming capability of optical, electro-optical and other imaging systems. To allow comparison of

12、optical transfer function measurements achieved using different measuring principles and instruments, or obtained from measuring instruments in different laboratories, it is necessary to ensure equivalence of measurement parameters such as focus setting and spatial frequency range. For this reason,

13、an agreed terminology must be defined so that the measurement parameters called upon in a standard may be understood by all users. Definitions of the terms used in optical transfer function measurement are listed in this International Standard. The specifications in this International Standard form

14、the basic requirements of measurement instrumentation and procedures for guaranteeing a defined accuracy of measurement of the optical transfer function. The optical transfer function provides a means of expressing the image-forming quality of imaging systems objectively. Subjective measures of opti

15、cal performance, such as limiting resolution, give less information about the imaging performance of the system under test and are susceptible to the variability of human observers. It is important to note that the optical transfer function is only one of a number of objective parameters, such as no

16、ise, veiling glare, image structure (sampling), etc., which may affect image quality and all such parameters should be included in a comprehensive description of the performance of an imaging system. The optical transfer function concept originated in the field of optical systems, comprising lenses

17、and mirrors, which closely satisfy the conditions of (radiometric) linearity and isoplanatism in their image-forming process. It allowed optical and systems designers to predict, with high reliability, the performance of optical systems of this type from the basic design data. When the requirements

18、for isoplanatism and linearity are completely satisfied, the optical transfer function can be regarded as expressing the way in which each sinusoidal spatial frequency component in the Fourier spectrum of an incoherently radiating object is transferred to the image as a sinusoidal pattern with reduc

19、ed modulation and (frequently) a shift of phase. However, for some imaging devices, the linearity and isoplanatism conditions are met only within certain limits. In order to adopt the optical transfer function approach, even under these conditions, two key concepts will be introduced. First, it will

20、 be assumed that it is possible to identify a certain range over which a system behaves in a linear manner. Secondly, there will be an area of the object/image field over which the system is isoplanatic such that the measured optical transfer function can be assumed to be accurate within a specified

21、 tolerance. The basic measurement technique also becomes significant in this situation and must be specified as part of the measurement conditions relating to that device. This information is contained in the appropriate sections of ISO 9336. A very useful and important aspect of the optical transfe

22、r function concept is the multiplicative property of incoherently coupled system component OTFs. This property permits the overall OTF of a composite imaging system to be obtained as the product of the separately measured OTFs of its incoherently coupled components. Strictly speaking, this “product

23、rule” applies only when the complete system, and its individual components, obey the conditions of linearity and isoplanatism, but the product rule remains useful even when the linear radiometric range and isoplanatic area are of limited extent. For cascaded optical systems, such as telescopic sight

24、s, in which the components are coherently coupled, the “product rule” cannot be applied. It is only possible to determine the optical transfer function of these optical systems by a test of the complete instrument. Optics and photonics Optical transfer function Definitions and mathematical relations

25、hips DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 5 This International Standard contains the introduction and a set of definitions upon which optical transfer function theory is built. These definitions are part of a vocabulary in which all terms in general use throughout this International Standard are defined. It also co

26、ntains a list of basic relationships of the optical transfer function to other image-describing parameters and a summary of concepts and symbols which are useful in optical transfer function work. ISO 9335 contains statements of the principles and rules of measurement and presentation of results whi

27、ch apply in general to all imaging devices for which the optical transfer function is a valid concept. It is essential that these rules be followed in order to ensure that accurate results are obtained. No attempt is made to prescribe a particular measuring technique since a variety of methods may b

28、e applicable depending on the characteristics of the device under test and the equipment available. ISO 9336 is subdivided into several parts, each devoted to a different class of imaging device or to a special application. It describes, for each class, the limitations and precautions associated wit

29、h making valid optical transfer function measurements and provides an imaging state (“I-state”) specification, which is a list of all those parameters which affect the point spread function and consequently the measured optical transfer function. This framework will allow for future expansion to inc

30、lude new classes of imaging device. To summarize, this International Standard describes the optical transfer function as a tool which can be applied within well-defined limits to a large class of imaging systems in order to assess their image-forming capabilities. Since the problems of measurement v

31、ary considerably from one class of imaging device to another, the following format is used for International Standards on the optical transfer function. DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 6 Introduction La fonction de transfert optique est un atout prcieux pour valuer de faon objective laptitude former une image

32、de tout systme optique, lectro-optique et de faon gnrale de tout dispositif de formation dimages. Pour permettre une comparaison entre les mesurages de fonction de transfert optique effectus partir de principes de mesure et dinstruments diffrents ou obtenus partir dinstruments de mesure de diffrents

33、 laboratoires, il est ncessaire de spcifier lquivalence des paramtres de mesure tels que le rglage de focalisation et le domaine de frquence spatiale. De ce fait, on doit dfinir une terminologie telle que les paramtres de mesure utiliss dans une norme soient correctement compris et accepts par tous

34、les utilisateurs. Les dfinitions des termes employs pour le mesurage de la fonction de transfert optique sont donnes dans la prsente Norme internationale. Les spcifications de la prsente Norme internationale constituent des exigences fondamentales concernant linstrumentation et les mthodes de mesure

35、 garantissant une exactitude donne des mesurages de la fonction de transfert optique. La fonction de transfert optique est un moyen quantitatif pour exprimer de faon objective la qualit dimage des systmes optiques. Les mesures subjectives de qualit telles que celles de limite de rsolution fournissen

36、t moins dinformations sur les possibilits du systme examin et sont susceptibles dtre influences par des facteurs propres chaque observateur humain. Il est important de souligner que la fonction de transfert optique nest que lun des paramtres concourant la qualit de limage; la diffusion, les voiles e

37、t images parasites, la structure de limage (chantillonnage), etc. sont autant de paramtres considrer lorsquon veut dcrire compltement les performances dun systme de formation dimages. Le concept de la fonction de transfert optique concerne les systmes optiques comportant des lentilles et des miroirs

38、 qui satisfont strictement, lors du processus de formation dimages, la double condition de linarit (radiomtrique) et disoplantisme. La fonction de transfert permet aux opticiens et aux concepteurs de systmes de prvoir de faon fiable les performances des systmes optiques partir de leurs caractristiqu

39、es. Quand les conditions de linarit et disoplantisme sont parfaitement satisfaites, on peut considrer que la fonction de transfert optique exprime la faon dont chaque composante sinusodale du spectre de frquences spatiales (spectre de Fourier) de lobjet est transmise par le systme optique formant li

40、mage selon un schma sinusodal avec modulation rduite et (souvent) avec dcalage de phase. Toutefois, dans le cas de certains dispositifs de formation dimages, les conditions de linarit et disoplantisme ne sont remplies que dans certaines limites. Il est alors ncessaire, pour utiliser dans ces conditi

41、ons le concept de fonction de transfert optique, dintroduire deux notions essentielles. On suppose tout dabord quil est possible de dterminer un certain domaine dans lequel le systme se comporte de manire linaire. On suppose ensuite quil existe une zone du champ objet/image pour laquelle le systme o

42、ptique est isoplantique, de sorte que la fonction de transfert optique mesure pourra tre exacte lintrieur dun domaine spcifi. Dans ces conditions, la mthode de mesure adopte prend une importance particulire et doit tre spcifie comme faisant partie des conditions de mesure relatives au dispositif en

43、cause. Cette information est contenue dans les articles appropris de lISO 9336. Un aspect important et trs utile du concept de fonction de transfert optique est la proprit multiplicative des fonctions de transfert des lments coupls les uns aux autres en rupture totale de cohrence spatiale. Cette pro

44、prit permet de dterminer la fonction de transfert globale dun ensemble complexe de formation dimages comme tant le produit des fonctions de transfert mesures sparment de chacun des lments, associs de faon maintenir un clairage spatialement incohrent entre chacun deux. Bien que cette rgle du produit

45、ne sapplique strictement que lorsque le systme complet et ses composants individuels obissent aux conditions de linarit et disoplantisme, elle reste utile mme lorsque lintervalle radiomtrique linaire et le domaine isoplantique sont limits. DIN ISO 9334:2015-12 7 Dans le cas de systmes en cascade, co

46、mme des jumelles, dans lesquelles les composants sont couplage cohrent, la rgle du produit ne peut sappliquer. Il nest possible de dterminer la fonction de transfert de ces systmes optiques que de faon globale sur linstrument complet. En rsum, la prsente Norme internationale dcrit la fonction de tra

47、nsfert optique comme un outil pouvant tre appliqu, dans des limites bien dfinies, une large catgorie dinstruments pour prciser leur rle dans un processus de formation dimage. Comme les problmes de mesure varient considrablement dun type dinstrument un autre, on a utilis, pour les Normes internationa

48、les traitant de la fonction de transfert optique, la disposition suivante. La prsente Norme internationale contient lintroduction et un ensemble de dfinitions sur lesquelles repose la thorie de la fonction de transfert optique. Les dfinitions font partie dun vocabulaire o sont dfinis tous les termes gnralement utiliss dans la prsente Norme internationale. Elle contient galement une liste des relations fondamentales entre la fonction de transfert optique et les autres paramtres caractrisant limage, ainsi quun rsum des conc