1、 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks for oil movements PUBLICATION 217 Edition 1 Released by IHS. NOT FOR RESALE THE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION Safe and effective operation of storage tanks for oil movements PUBLICATION 217 Edition 1 Copyright 2011 The Engineerin
2、g Equipment and Materials Users Association. A company limited by guarantee. Registered in England. Company number 477838. ISBN 978 0 85931 165 6 Imprint reference 06-2011 Registered and Trading Address 10-12 Lovat Lane London EC3R 8DN Telephone: +44 (0)20 7621 0011 Fax: +44 (0)20 7621 0022 E-mail:
3、saleseemua.org Website: www.eemua.org EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA ii ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION About EEMUA The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association is usually known by its initials, EEMUA. EEMUA is governed by
4、 a Council of members. This Council is responsible for the policies, financing, membership, and strategy of the Association. Any organisation that is a substantial user or purchaser of engineering products is eligible to apply to become a member of EEMUA. Membership is subject to the approval of Cou
5、ncil. EEMUA Aims EEMUA aims to improve the safety, environmental and operating performance of industrial facilities in the most cost-effective way, pursuing and promoting leadership in industrial asset management by sharing engineering experiences and expertise, and by the active, enlightened promot
6、ion of the distinct interests of users of engineering products. These aims are achieved by various means, including: Providing the organisation within which networking, information sharing and collaboration among users on non-competitive technical matters can take place. Influencing the way written
7、regulations are interpreted and applied in practice. Promoting and presenting members views, and encouraging the application of good sound engineering practices. Developing user guides, specifications, training and competency schemes. Facilitating members participation in national and international
8、standards making. Influencing relevant national and European legislation and regulation. Incorporation, Membership and Other Information The income and resources of EEMUA are applied solely towards the promotion of the aims of the Association. No profit is transferred by way of dividend, bonus or ot
9、herwise to members. The work of the Association is mainly carried out by members representatives on EEMUA Technical Committees, Working Groups, and Forums, supported by EEMUA staff. For the purposes of conducting its business, EEMUA is incorporated in England and Wales as a company, limited by guara
10、ntee, not having share capital. All usual aspects of company management and business administration are dealt with by the EEMUA Executive Director, including policy implementation and leadership of the Executive team (the staff). To enquire about corporate Membership, write to enquirieseemua.org or
11、call +44 (0)20 7621 0011. A list of EEMUA publications for sale is given at the end of this Publication. The full list is also on the Associations website, including details of on-line shopping facilities. EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA iii ABOUT THIS PUBLI
12、CATION Legal Aspects All rights, title and interest in this Publication belong to EEMUA. All rights are reserved. No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other, without
13、 the express prior written agreement of the EEMUA Executive Director. Infringement of copyright is illegal and also reduces the Associations income thereby jeopardising its ability to fund the production of future publications. It has been assumed in the preparation of this Publication that: the use
14、r ensures selection of those parts of its contents appropriate to the intended application; and that such selection and application is correctly carried out by appropriately qualified and competent persons for whose guidance this Publication has been prepared. EEMUA and the individual members of the
15、 Work Group that prepared this EEMUA publication do not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or guarantee in connection with material contained herein. EEMUA and the individual members of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA publication expressly disclaim any liability
16、 or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from the use or reliance on this Publication. Any recommendations contained herein are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on current good engineering practice, but it is essential for the user to take accou
17、nt of pertinent subsequent developments and/or legislation. Any person who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity when making use of this Publication is asked to notify EEMUA without delay so that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. Consultation and Feedback EEMUA encourages
18、constructive comments on this Publication from both Members of the Association and others. Comments should be sent on the standard feedback form, a copy of which is provided towards the end of this Publication. An electronic version of the feedback form is available from EEMUA - e-mail your request
19、for a copy to enquirieseemua.org, telephone your request to +44 (0)20 7621 0011, or download the form from the EEMUA website at www.eemua.org. Submit comments by e-mail (preferred) or post. Comments are considered by the relevant EEMUA Technical Committees and may be incorporated in future editions
20、of this Publication. New editions are publicised on the EEMUA website. EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA iv EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA v Contents Preface . ix Scope . xi 1. Introduction 1 2. Tank Safety Design Con
21、siderations . 3 2.1 Design Factors versus Tank Type for Atmospheric Tanks . 3 2.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks 3 2.1.2 Floating Roof Tanks 4 2.2 Other Design Considerations Tank Farm Layout . 6 2.2.1 Introduction 6 2.2.2 Other Guidelines and Regulatory Directives 6 2.3 Vapour Collection/Recovery Systems 8 3.
22、Overpressure/Vacuum of Tanks 9 3.1 Pressure Vacuum Valves and Open Vents 9 3.2 Tank Overpressure . 10 3.3 Tank Vacuum 11 4. Dealing with Water . 13 4.1 Water in Tanks 13 4.1.1 Heated Tanks . 13 4.1.2 Precautions to Prevent Froth-Overs . 14 4.1.3 Overheating 15 4.2 Rain Water on Floating Roofs . 15 4
23、.2.1 Single Deck Floating Roofs . 15 4.2.2 Double Deck Floating Roofs 16 4.2.3 Risk Assessment 16 5. Ignition Sources in Oil Movements 17 5.1 Static Electricity . 17 5.1.1 Control of Static Electricity . 17 5.1.2 Electrostatic Ignition During Liquid Handling . 18 5.2 Other Sources of Ignition 24 5.2
24、.1 Diesel-Driven Equipment . 24 5.2.2 Carbon Canisters 24 5.2.3 Level Instruments 24 6. Gas Freeing of Tanks and Pipelines . 25 6.1 Fixed Storage Tanks . 25 6.1.1 General Instructions . 25 6.1.2 Removing Liquids . 25 6.1.3 Removing Gases/Vapours 25 6.1.4 Isolation . 26 6.1.5 Cathodic Protection . 26
25、 6.1.6 Scale and Sludge Removal . 26 6.1.7 Materials Subject to Auto-Ignition . 26 6.1.8 Fixed Roof Tanks All Low Flash Materials . 27 6.1.9 Floating Roof Tanks Crude Oil and Products . 27 6.2 Bulk Transport Vehicle Tanks . 28 6.3 Pipelines . 29 7. Tank Entry and Cleaning Procedures . 31 7.1 Entry P
26、rocedures . 31 7.1.1 Entry Without Breathing Apparatus for Inspection and Non Spark Producing Maintenance 31 7.1.2 Entry With Breathing Apparatus for Inspection and Non Spark Producing Maintenance . 31 7.1.3 Other Considerations 32 EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks
27、EEMUA vi 7.2 Cleaning Procedures . 32 7.2.1 General . 32 7.2.2 Hazards to be Considered 32 7.2.3 Butterworth Washing33 8. Depressurising and Opening Gas Pipelines 35 8.1 Depressurising 35 8.2 Effective Valve Closure . 35 8.3 Toxic Gases 35 8.4 Hydrogen Rich System . 35 8.5 Entry of Air into a Gas Sy
28、stem . 36 8.6 Electrical Equipment . 36 8.7 Residues . 36 9. Tank Operational Inspection and Maintenance 37 9.1 Causes of Tank Damage . 37 9.2 Oil Movements Operational Inspection 38 10. Tank Level Measurement and Overfill Protection . 41 10.1 High Level Alarms 41 10.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks 42 10.1.2 F
29、loating Roof Tanks. 43 10.1.3 Overfill Level 43 10.1.4 Tank Rated Capacity . 43 10.1.5 High-High Level Shutdown . 44 10.1.6 Level Alarm High 44 10.1.7 Normal Fill Level (Normal Capacity) . 45 10.2 Tank Low Level Alarms . 45 10.3 Safeguards to Protect Overfill of Tanks During Transfers 45 10.4 Other
30、Safeguards Against Tank Overfill . 46 11. Lightning Strikes on Tanks 47 11.1 Mechanism of Roof Surface Charging 47 11.2 Precautions to Reduce the Impact of Lightning Strikes . 47 11.2.1 Fixed Roof Tanks / Internal Floating Roof Tanks 47 11.2.2 External Floating Roof Tanks 48 12. Maximum Storage Temp
31、erature of Products . 49 12.1 Mechanical Design Limitations 49 12.1.1 Tanks and Piping 49 12.1.2 Corrosion 49 12.1.3 Insulation 50 12.2 Water Vapourisation Risk 50 12.3 Rundown Temperature of Products . 50 12.3.1 Slops/Recovered Oil Systems . 51 13. Liquefied Petroleum Gas . 53 13.1 Process Safeguar
32、ding Memorandum for LPG Storage Facilities 54 13.2 Operational Inspection at LPG Storage Facilities 54 14. Ship to Shore Activities . 57 14.1 Safety Operational Requirements . 57 14.1.1 Pigging 57 14.1.2 Surge Pressures . 58 14.1.3 Loading Arms . 58 14.1.4 Hazardous and Restricted Areas 58 14.1.5 So
33、urces of Ignition 59 14.1.6 Restricted Pumping Rates 59 14.1.7 Insulating Means in Ship/Shore Connection 60 14.1.8 Operability of Inert Gas (IG) System . 60 14.1.9 Condition of the Sites Cargo and Bunker Hoses or Arms 60 EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA vii 1
34、4.1.10 Operating Parameters of Vapour Recovery Line . 61 15. Truck and Railcar Loading/Unloading . 63 15.1 Causes of Incidents 63 16. Oil Movements Shift Handover 65 16.1 Guidelines for Effective Shift Handover in Oil Movements . 65 Appendix 1 Selection of Storage Tank Type . 67 References 71 Biblio
35、graphy 73 Figures Figure 1 The EX sign as stipulated by regulations . 7 Figure 2 Roof collapse due to vacuum in the tank . 11 Figure 3 Tank collapse due to rapid temperature changes 14 Figure 4 Management of risk of static electricity in oil movements . 18 Figure 5 Overfill protection: tank levels 4
36、3 Tables Table 1 Workplace requirements . 8 Table 2 Operational inspection of LPG storage facilities 55 EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA viii EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA ix Preface On the basis of extensive operat
37、ional experience, storage tank operations or oil movements, as they are known in the oil and gas industry, have been identified as constituting a process unit. As such, they are often perceived by the petroleum industry as areas with limited process safety risks or at least as areas less hazardous t
38、han the other process units in a refinery or other plant within the industry. This perception is often reflected in: training course material on process safety; internal practices and procedures; site documentation and process safety management systems. However, there continues to be a number of saf
39、ety-related incidents in tank farm areas across the petroleum industry. Failure of pipelines in oil movement operations, fires of storage tanks due to hidden sources of ignition (such as static electricity), failure of final or intermediate product tanks and overfill of tanks can occur, with potenti
40、al severe safety, environmental and operational consequences. Furthermore, investment and project proposals in industry are critically reviewed and scrutinised over budget costs and, in new or revamping projects, oil movement areas are optimised as much as possible. In practice, this means that spar
41、e storage capacity is hardly considered, multi-purpose tanks are used and multi-product lines are implemented despite operational complexity. Small process incidents in oil movements that may temporarily bring tanks, pipelines, or loading arms out of operation, even for a short period of time, can r
42、esult in a substantial financial burden plant-wide. In view of the above facts and other observations, the objective of this Publication is to increase the level of awareness of process safety in oil movements by providing specific guidance for safer operations and practices throughout. This Publica
43、tion serves as a technical supplement to the extensive existing standards and procedures, and focuses on areas in which higher risks in oil movements exist. It also demonstrates the way that specific process safety recommendations can be implemented in day-to-day operational practice. Given its supp
44、lementary role, EEMUA 217 refers to existing standards and guides, aiming to avoid reproduction of information on the relevant subjects that is already available. Reference is made to the Safety and environmental standards for fuel storage sites, Process Safety Leadership Group (PSLG) final report(1
45、). This document can be obtained via the British Health and Safety Executive website www.hse.gov.uk. It describes in detail issues such as: leadership and safety culture; process safety management; hazard identification; management of plant and process changes; roles, responsibilities and competenci
46、es.EEMUA 217 does not provide detailed engineering information and therefore is not especially directed at those who are engaged in detailed engineering design of oil movements. However, given the fact that sound knowledge of operational practices, procedures and hazards can assist in the delivery o
47、f a thorough and integrated design, from this perspective the Publication can also contribute to process design in oil movements. EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA x EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA xi Scope Although th
48、is Publication has been developed specifically for oil movements, namely hydrocarbons, it includes much information relevant to the large-scale storage of other products. The oil movements covered include: liquids stored under atmospheric pressure, as well as LPG stored under pressure or under refri
49、gerated and cryogenic conditions. Again the advice given for these latter hydrocarbons may also be applicable for other refrigerated gas liquids but it is not the intention in this document to advise specifically on those products. Oil movements occur in refineries, terminals and storage depots and this document can be considered applicable in all these situations. EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage tanks EEMUA xii EEMUA Publication 217 Safe and effective operation of storage ta
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