1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12381:2005 Health informatics Time standards for healthcare specific problems The European Standard EN 12381:2005 has the status of a British Standard ICS 35.240.80 BS EN 12381:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Co
2、mmittee on 2 March 2005 BSI 2 March 2005 ISBN 0 580 45570 X National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12381:2005. It supersedes DD ENV 12381:1997, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/35, Hea
3、lth informatics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Cata
4、logue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its co
5、rrect application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests i
6、nformed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 24, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document
7、indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12381 February 2005 ICS 35.240.80 Supersedes ENV 12381:1996 English version Health informatics - Time standards for healthcare specific problem
8、s Informatique de sant - Reprsentation du temps dans le domaine de la sant Medizinische Informatik - Zeitnormen fr spezifische Probleme im Gesundheitswesen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 January 2005. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which s
9、tipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standar
10、d exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standar
11、ds bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMIT
12、TEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12381:2005: EEN 12381:2005 (E) 2 Cont
13、ents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Explicit semantic labelling of predicational components .10 4.1 General10 4.2 Labelling of propositional clauses.10 4.3 Labelling of temporal expressions: .10 4.4 Labelling of Basic temporal links.11
14、4.4.1 General11 4.4.2 “has-occurrence”.11 4.4.3 “has-rate” .11 4.4.4 “has-frequency”.11 4.4.5 “has-duration”11 4.5 Labelling of complex temporal links12 4.6 Temporal comparators12 4.6.1 General12 4.6.2 Temporal comparators in combination with events. .13 4.6.3 Temporal comparators in combination wit
15、h episodes. .14 5 Characteristics of conformance.19 5.1 Provisions for conformance specification19 5.2 Basic guidelines.19 5.3 LSS: Level of semantic specification 20 5.3.1 LSS(0)20 5.3.2 LSS(1)20 5.3.3 LSS(3)21 5.4 LRE: level of recursive embedding of time-related information.21 5.4.1 LRE(0) .21 5.
16、4.2 LRE(1) .21 5.4.3 LRE(2) .21 5.5 LDR: level of deictic referential complexity 21 5.5.1 LDR(0) .21 5.5.2 LDR(1) .21 LDC: level of relative deictic referential complexity .22 5.6.1 LDC(0) .22 5.6.2 LDC(1) .22 5.6.3 LDC(2) .22 5.7 LQI: level of formal rigour of temporal expressions22 5.7.1 LQI(0).22
17、 5.7.2 LQI(1).22 5.7.3 LQI(2).22 Annex A (informative) BNF description of the syntax used in the standard predications of this document23 Bibliography 24 EN 12381:2005 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 12381:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 251 “Health informatics”, the secretari
18、at of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2005. This document supersede
19、s ENV 12381:1996. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
20、 Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 12381:2005 (E) 4 Introduction Time is an important variable in healthcare, and standards are needed about how to represent information with expli
21、cit references to time. This document is a first contribution to this harmonization process, focusing on “representation” and “explicit reference”. Indeed, a system for Time-Standards must have as a minimum requirement the capacity to order temporal facts (situations, events, episodes) in three majo
22、r ways, independent of any specific ontology of time itself: by relating situations to a calendar; by relating situations to “reference” situations; by relating events together in “before- and after-” chains. The main reason for this threefold organization is that our everyday temporal discourse con
23、tains a variety of expressions that only with a certain artificiality can be regimented into a uniform style of analysis. The purpose of this document is to enhance, in a perspective of machine-machine and man-machine communication, the generation of statements that are guaranteed to be understood u
24、nambiguously with respect to the time-related expressions that are embedded within them. The purpose of this document is not to develop a full-blown temporal logic, but a standardized way of representing time-related expressions, such that all kinds of questions about the temporal organization of si
25、tuations can be answered on the basis of the information available. Nor is it the intention of the framework presented here to provide a means to interpret the information in its original format. Interpretation of the source information is the task of the provider of information itself. The framewor
26、k presented in this document allows information providers to express their time-related information in such a way that the intended meaning can be unambiguously understood by a receiver. This of course requires the use of a “restricted”, regimented model or language, allowing the disambiguation of m
27、any time-related expressions uttered in natural language. The model (language) presented in this document is restricted enough to allow such disambiguation for time-related expressions in “traditional” medical language, but is not expressive enough to account for all time-related linguistic phenomen
28、a that can be encountered in natural language. This document provides representational tools for “explicit” time-related information. It does not allow (nor encourage) the ad hoc interpretation of implicit temporal information. In an expression such as “diabetes since childhood”, “since childhood” i
29、s an explicit temporal reference for the diabetes, but the implicit information what “childhood” might mean (e.g. starting at the age of 2 years ?), is not addressed. However, the framework presented in this document has enough expressive power to allow a specific provider of information to state ex
30、plicitly what his understanding is of “childhood”. This document describes some conformance characteristics by means of which developers of health care information systems can label specific modules of their systems as to the degree they are compliant with the document. Although the framework itself
31、 does not deal with temporal reasoning, the conformance characteristics can be used to evaluate to what level temporal reasoning is possible with the information collected in a given system. EN 12381:2005 (E) 5 1 Scope This document specifies a set of representational primitives and semantic relatio
32、ns required for an unambiguous representation of explicit time-related expressions in health informatics. This document does not introduce or force a specific ontology of time, nor does it force the use of a fixed representation scheme for such an ontology. Rather this document provides a set of pri
33、nciples for syntactic and semantic representation that allow the comparability of specific ontologies on time, and the exchange of time-related information that is expressed explicitly. This document is applicable to: 1) developers of medical information systems in which the need is felt to have exp
34、licit time-related concepts for internal organization (e.g. temporal data bases, temporal reasoning systems); 2) information modellers or knowledge engineers building models for the systems mentioned in (1); 3) experts involved in the development of semantic standards on precise subdomains in health
35、 care where time-related information need to be covered, (e.g. in the study of Pathochronology, i.e. the discipline dealing with the time course of specific diseases); 4) developers of interchange formats for messages in which time-related information is embedded. This document is not intended to be
36、 used directly for: 1) representing what is true in time; 2) reasoning about time; 3) representation of metrological time (which is covered in other standards). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, onl
37、y the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 28601, Data elements and interchange formats - Information interchange - Representation of dates and times (ISO 8601:1988 and its technical corrigendum 1:1991) IS
38、O 31-1, Quantities and units Part 1: Space and time 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 situation phenomenon occurring (or having the potential to occur) at or over a time in a given world context NOTE 1 situations cover phenomena
39、 which may occur in past, present or future time NOTE 2 This document applies both to the representation of actual phenomena occuring in the real world (e.g. registrations in medical records), as to the description of concepts (eg medical knowledge bases). EN 12381:2005 (E) 6 EXAMPLE “The patient su
40、ffered from pain which occurred over night”, “pain occurring over night”, 3.2 time interval portion of time of which the duration in a given context is considered to be significant and relevant 3.3 time point portion of time of which the duration in a given context is considered to be insignificant
41、or irrelevant NOTE This document does not specify any regulations on what entities should occupy time points, and what entities should occupy time intervals. Decisions of this kind are explicitly to be made by the user of this document (Chapter 5). As a consequence, temporal references such as “Frid
42、ay the 13th” may refer to a time point or a time interval, depending on the context. 3.4 episode situation considered to occupy a time interval NOTE 1 Whether a situation is to be considered an episode or an event, is a decision taken by the provider of the information, based on its perception of th
43、e phenomenon in a given context. NOTE 2 It is possible to further subcategorize episodes into “states”, “culminations”, “processes”, “actions”, or other conceptual entities that can be defined using additional conceptual aspects describing particular properties of each of the various episodes. Howev
44、er there is no need to do so within the scope of this document. EXAMPLE a patients stay in the hospital, the “episode of care” related to a medical problem 3.5 event situation considered to occur at a time point 3.6 predication representation of a situation in a language EXAMPLE “The removal of Mr J
45、ones appendix on 21 July 1994, at 9 oclock in the morning.” 3.7 temporal reference component of a predication representing information related to time EXAMPLE “on 1994-07-21”, “at 9 oclock”, “on 1994-07-21 at 9 oclock” 3.8 propositional clause component of a predication to which temporal references
46、implicitly or explicitly refer EXAMPLE in the expression “taking syrup three times a day for 2 weeks”, the propositional clause is “taking syrup”. To it are attached the temporal references “three times a day” and “for 2 weeks”. NOTE 1 The term propositional clause is used here in a broader sense th
47、an in formal logic where a proposition denotes a statement on what is true in a given world. In the context of this document, propositional clauses do not impose a truth-value on the phenomena that are represented. NOTE 2 This document allows for a recursive representation of information related to
48、time (see Informative Annex A for a formal description). In expressions such as “severe headache lasting for half an hour after each meal”, both “severe headache” and “severe headache lasting for half an hour” are propositional clauses, each at a different level in the recursion. A propositional cla
49、use that is at the deepest level of recursion, i.e. to which no temporal references are attached, is called propositional clause zero. In this example: “severe headache” is propositional clause zero. EN 12381:2005 (E) 7 3.9 ambiguous temporal reference temporal reference whose temporal link with the propositional clause of the predication is ambiguous, or which does not unambiguously refer to a unique, identifiable time point or time interval on a calendar. NOTE 1 In the predication “He die
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