1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 13036-8:2008Road and airfield surface characteristics Test methods Part 8: Determination of transverse unevenness indicesICS 93.080.10; 93.120g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g4
2、8g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 13036-8:2008This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56380 5National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN
3、 13036-8:2008. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/5, Surface characteristics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to i
4、nclude all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 13036-8Ma
5、rch 2008ICS 93.080.10; 93.120English VersionRoad and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 8:Determination of transverse unevenness indicesCaractristiques de surface des routes et arodromes -Mthodes dessais - Partie 8 : Dtermination des indicesduni transversalOberflcheneigenschaften
6、 von Straen und Flugpltzen -Prfverfahren - Teil 8: Bestimmung der Parameter zurErmittlung der BreitenunebenheitThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 February 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this Europe
7、anStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, F
8、rench, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
9、 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUR
10、OPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13036-8:2008: EEN 13036-8:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction
11、.4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 List of symbols.7 5 Parameters .8 5.1 General8 5.2 Crossfall X8 5.3 Irregularities .9 5.3.1 Step height IS.9 5.3.2 Ridges/dips, respectively IR, ID.9 5.3.3 Edge Slump IE9 5.4 Rut depth R.10 5.5 Theoretical water depth W10 6 Measureme
12、nt devices and their application .11 6.1 Measurement devices .11 6.2 Measuring single profiles .12 6.2.1 Crossfall12 6.2.2 Irregularities .12 6.2.3 Rut depth and theoretical water depth 12 6.3 Measuring sections of a unit of length (e.g. 100 m).12 6.3.1 Irregularities .12 6.3.2 Crossfall, rut depth
13、and theoretical water depth12 7 Evaluation and analysis 12 8 Accuracy.13 8.1 General13 8.2 Precision.13 8.3 Trueness .14 9 Safety 14 10 Report .14 Annex A (normative) Measurement of indices of transverse unevenness and irregularities with a straightedge .16 A.1 Measuring using the straightedge .16 A
14、.1.1 General16 A.1.2 Sampling frequency, covered measurement/analysis width 16 A.1.3 Method of measurement .16 A.2 Reporting of results.19 A.2.1 Test report 19 Bibliography 20 BS EN 13036-8:2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13036-8:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CE
15、N/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the lat
16、est by September 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national
17、 standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Pola
18、nd, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 13036-8:2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 4 Introduction Road profile transverse unevenness affects safety and ride comfort. Transverse uneveness demands can differ from one road to another and are highly relat
19、ed to the speed limit, the kind of traffic, the climatic conditions, the accepted comfort limits, etc. Road profile transverse unevenness is consequently key information for acceptance of newly laid pavements and for road maintenance management systems. Road profile transverse unevenness encompasses
20、 a variety of aspects, such as: the crossfall of the transverse profile, irregularities or different defects in the transverse profile (steps, ridges/dips and edge slumps) and the longitudinal ruts in the wheel paths caused by the traffic. The measurement of road transverse unevenness has been a sub
21、ject of much research for more than 70 years, resulting in many different measuring methods. Measurement devices can be split into: - stationary equipment, such as e.g. the straightedge for irregularities and longitudinal ruts or rod and level for crossfall in single profiles, - dynamic equipment, s
22、uch as e.g. the profilometer, which is dependant on the characteristics of the device, suitable for measuring all mentioned aspects for single profiles as well as section (mean) values. This European Standard has been written to be used in conjunction with the European Standards EN 13036-6 (Profilom
23、eter) and EN 13036-7 (Straightedge). BS EN 13036-8:2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines the different transverse unevenness indices of the pavement surface of roads and airfields and the appropriate methods of evaluation and reporting. The indices have been defined princi
24、pally independent of the measurement device. This European Standard focuses on transverse unevenness measurements for the following three purposes: - indices to provide a means for quality control of pavement surfaces of newly laid pavements, especially with respect to crossfall and the evidence of
25、irregularities due to improper laying and/or compacting action. - indices to be used for evaluating the condition of pavements in service as part of routine condition monitoring programs. They are intended to detect transverse deformations caused by the traffic, pavement wear or subsurface movement.
26、 - indices to be used for resurfacing activities on pavements in use. The parameters and evaluation methods are applicable both for roads and airfields. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the ed
27、ition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13036-6:2008, Road and airfield surface characteristics Test methods Part 6: Measurement of transverse and longitudinal profiles in the evenness and megatexture wavelengt
28、h ranges EN 13036-7, Road and airfield surface characteristics Test methods Part 7: Irregularity measurement of pavement courses: the straightedge test 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 acquisition repetition interval travelled
29、distance between two consecutive transverse profile measurements 3.2 bias difference between the expectation of the test results and an accepted reference value NOTE Bias is the total systematic error as contrasted to random error. There may be one or more systematic error components to the bias. A
30、large systematic difference from the accepted reference value is reflected by a large bias value (see ISO 3534-1). 3.3 crossfall transverse gradient across a section or full width of a pavement measured perpendicular to the centre line BS EN 13036-8:2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 6 NOTE Crossfall can be ex
31、pressed as a percentage, a ratio (e.g. 1 to 30) or as an angle to the horizontal. By convention, it is positive when the right end of the profile is lower than its left end for right hand traffic and the opposite for left hand traffic. 3.4 edge slump deviation of the pavement edge below a straight r
32、eference line 3.5 irregularity any deviation of a surface from the straight reference line 3.6 layer structural element of a pavement laid in a single operation 3.7 pavement structure composed of one or more layers of selected material designed to carry traffic 3.8 pavement surface or surface course
33、 upper layer of the pavement that is in contact with the traffic 3.9 precision closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions NOTE Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors. The measure of precision is usually computed as a standard dev
34、iation of the test results. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard deviation (see ISO 3534-1). 3.10 repeatability maximum difference expected between two measurements made by the same machine, with the same tyre, operated by the same crew on the same section of road in a short space of tim
35、e, with a probability of 95 %. 3.11 ridge any deviation above a straight reference line 3.12 dip any deviation below a straight reference line 3.13 rut/pothole any deviation below the straight reference line, normally in the wheel path 3.14 rut depth greatest deviation of the transverse profile of a
36、 pavement surface and a virtual straight reference line of length L sliding on the surface of the profile within the limits of the analysed width, by leaving one edge of the rut towards the other edge. NOTE 1 The length of the virtual reference should be mentioned within the results. NOTE 2 Rut dept
37、h is normally expressed in millimetres. BS EN 13036-8:2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 7 3.15 section length of road between defined points (e.g. location references, specific features or measured distances) comprising a number of subsections over which a continuous sequence of measurements is made 3.16 step
38、 vertical displacement from the straight reference line 3.17 theoretical water depth difference in elevation between a horizontal reference line going through the highest point of a transverse profile at the low side of the wheel path and the deepest point in the wheel path NOTE 1 Theoretical water
39、depth is normally expressed in millimetres NOTE 2 Theoretical water depth is an indicator of the risk of aquaplaning. The theoretical water depth in a depression or dip is often called “pond depth”. 3.18 transverse profile intersection between the road surface and a reference plane perpendicular to
40、the road surface and to the lane direction 3.19 trueness closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from large series of test results and an accepted reference value NOTE The measure of trueness is usually expressed in terms of bias (8.3) and reflects the total systematic error as con
41、trasted to random error. There may be one or more systematic error components to the trueness. A large systematic difference from the accepted reference value is reflected by a large value (see ISO 3534-1). 3.20 wheel paths area of a pavement surface where the large majority of vehicle wheel passage
42、s are concentrated (see Figure 1) 4 List of symbols X is the crossfall; ISis the step height; IRis the ridge height; IDis the dip depth; IEis the edge slump; RRis the rut depth right wheel path; RLis the rut depth left wheel path; WRis the theoretical water depth right wheel path; BS EN 13036-8:2008
43、EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 8 WLis the theoretical water depth left wheel path. 5 Parameters 5.1 General The transverse profile can be characterized by the following parameters (see Figure 1): the crossfall X of the transverse profile; the heights of the different irregular defects in the transverse profile
44、, such as ridges/dips, steps and edge slump, the so-called irregularities I; the rut depth R in the wheel paths caused by the traffic; the theoretical water depth W in the ruts. In the following the calculation principles of each of these parameters will be explained. Key 1 step 2 rut 3 water depth
45、4 ridge/bump 5 edge slump 6 gravity 7 crossfall Figure 1 Schematic overview of the different characteristics of transverse unevenness 5.2 Crossfall X Pavements are designed with a crossfall for traffic safety reasons, namely to make it possible to safely pass curves with different radius and for wat
46、er drainage purposes. Crossfall mean X is defined as the angle between the horizontal and the regression straight line through the transverse road profile fixed by at least seven measurement points across that profile. In literature this is often called the regression-line definition. BS EN 13036-8:
47、2008EN 13036-8:2008 (E) 9 New pavements can be measured with a straightedge as described in Annex A. 5.3 Irregularities Irregularities can be caused by improper laying and/or compaction in the construction phase or by deformations caused by the traffic, pavement wear or subsurface movement during th
48、e normal use of the pavement. In the following the different types, such as steps, ridges/dips and edge slump, will be explained. 5.3.1 Step height ISThe calculation principle of the step height ISis shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Transverse profile of a pavement surface showing step height IS5.3.2 Rid
49、ges/dips, respectively IR, IDThe ridge I is defined as the distance between a straight reference line and the highest point of the ridge, see Figure 3. When I/p 1 there is a ridge; at lower ratio there are bumps. Figure 3 Transverse profile of a pavement surface showing ridge height IRFor calculation of the depth of dips the same principle can be used, with the difference that the distance between the straight reference line and the deepest point of the dip is measured. 5.3.3 Edge Slump IEThe calculation principle of the edge slump IEis shown in Fi
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