1、BS EN 13104:2009ICS 45.040NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDRailway applications Wheelsets and bogies Powered axles Design methodIncorporating CorrigendumMay 2009+A2:2012National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13104:20
2、09+A2:2012. It supersedes BS EN 13104:2009+A1:2010 which is withdrawn.The UK committee draws users attention to the distinction between normative and informative elements, as defined in Clause 3 of the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, Part 3.Normative: Requirements conveying criteria to be fulfille
3、d if compliance with the document is to be claimed and from which no deviation is permitted.Informative: Information intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. Informative annexes do not contain requirements, except as optional requirements, and are not mandatory. For example, a te
4、st method may contain requirements, but there is no need to comply with these requirements to claim compliance with the standard.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment
5、. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by !“.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee RAE/3, Railway Applications - Rolling Stock Material, to A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretar
6、y.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012This British Standard was published under the authorit
7、y of the Standards Policy and Strategy Com-mittee on 30 April 2009. The British Standards In-stitution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 31 May 2009 Correction to national foreword31 January 2011 Implementation of CEN amendment A
8、1:201028 February 2013 Implementation of CEN amendment A2:2012ISBN 978 0 580 76221 5Subcommittee RAE/3/-/1, Railway Applications - Wheels and Wheelsets. EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13104:2009+A2 October 2012 ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13104:2009+A1:2010English Version Railway
9、applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Powered axles - Design method Applications ferroviaires - Essieux monts et bogies - Essieux-axes moteurs - Mthode de conception Bahnanwendungen - Radstze und Drehgestelle - Treibradsatzwellen - Konstruktionsverfahren This European Standard was approved by CEN on
10、 26 December 2008 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 September 2010 and Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 25 September 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national st
11、andard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in
12、 any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech R
13、epublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROP
14、EAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13104:2009+A2:2012: EEN 13104
15、:2009+A2:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 4Introduction .51 Scope 62 Normative references 63 Symbols and abbreviations 74 General 85 Forces and moments to be taken into consideration 95.1 Types of forces 95.2 Influence of masses in motion .95.3 Effects due to braking 145.4 Effects due to curving an
16、d wheel geometry 145.5 Effects due to traction 155.6 Calculation of the resultant moment 156 Determination of geometric characteristics of the various parts of the axle . 206.1 Stresses in the various sections of the axle 206.2 Determination of the diameter of journals and axle bodies . 246.3 Determ
17、ination of the diameter of the various seats from the diameter of the axle body or from the journals. 256.3.1 Collar bearing surface 256.3.2 Transition between collar bearing surface and wheel seat 266.3.3 Wheel seat in the absence of an adjacent seat . 276.3.4 Case of two adjacent wheel seats . 276
18、.3.5 Case of two non-adjacent wheel seats . 287 Maximum permissible stresses . 287.1 General . 287.2 Steel grade EA1N 287.3 Steel grades other than EA1N . 29Annex A (informative) Model of axle calculation sheet 33Annex B (informative) Procedure for the calculation of the load coefficient for tilting
19、 vehicles . 34Annex C (informative) Values of forces to take into consideration for wheelsets for reduced gauge track (metric or close to a metre) 35Annex D (normative) Method for determination of full-scale fatigue limits for new materials 36D.1 Scope . 36D.2 General requirements for the test piece
20、s . 36D.3 General requirements for test apparatus . 36D.4 Axle body fatigue limit (“F1“) 37D.4.1 Geometry . 37D.4.2 Verification of the applied stress 37D.4.3 End of test criterion 38D.4.4 Dtermination of the fatigue limit 38D.5 Axle bore fatigue limit (“F2“) . 39D.5.1 Geometry . 39D.5.2 Verificatio
21、n of the applied stress 39D.5.3 End of test criterion 39D.5.4 Determination of the fatigue limit 39D.6 Wheel seat fatigue limit (“F3 and F4“) 40BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 3 D.6.1 Geometry 40D.6.2 Verification of the applied stress . 41D.6.3 End of test criterion . 41D.6.4 Dete
22、rmination of the fatigue limit 41D.7 Content of the test report . 42Annex ZA (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC“ 43Bibliography 46BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13104:200
23、9+A2:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2013, and conf
24、licting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This docume
25、nt comprises amendment 1 adopted by CEN on 2010-09-14 and amendment 2 adopted by CEN on 2012-09-25. This document supersedes #EN 13104:2009+A1:2010$. The start and end of the text added or modified by the amendment is indicated in the text by !“ and #$. !This document has been prepared under a manda
26、te given to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC“ !For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.“ According to the CEN
27、/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungar
28、y, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Railway axles were among the first train c
29、omponents to give rise to fatigue problems. Many years ago, specific methods were developed in order to design these axles. They were based on a feedback process from the service behaviour of axles combined with the examination of failures and on fatigue tests conducted in the laboratory, so as to c
30、haracterize and optimize the design and materials used for axles. A European working group under the aegis of UIC1started to harmonize these methods at the beginning of the 1970s. This led to an ORE2document applicable to the design of trailer stock axles, subsequently incorporated into national sta
31、ndards (French, German, Italian). This method was successfully extrapolated in France for the design of powered axles and the French standard also applies to such axles. Consequently this method was converted into a UIC leaflet. The bibliography lists the relevant documents used for reference purpos
32、es. The method described therein is largely based on conventional loadings and applies the beam theory for the stress calculation. The shape and stress recommendations are derived from laboratory tests and the outcome is validated by many years of operations on the various railway systems. This stan
33、dard is based largely on this method which has been improved and its scope enlarged. 1UIC : Union Internationale des Chemins de fer. 2ORE: Office de Recherches et dEssais de lUIC. BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 6 1 Scope This standard: defines the forces and moments to be taken in
34、to account with reference to masses, traction and braking conditions; gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle journals; specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N defined in EN 13261; describes the method for determination of
35、 the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades; determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and transitions to ensure adequate service performance. This standard is applicable to: solid and hollow powered axles for railway rolling stock
36、; solid and hollow non-powered axles of motor bogies; solid and hollow non-powered axles of locomotives3; axles defined in prEN 13261; all gauges4. This standard is applicable to axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal European conditions. Before using this standard, if there is a
37、ny doubt as to whether the railway operating conditions are normal, it is necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximum permissible stresses. The calculation of wheelsets for special applications (e.g. tamping/lining/levelling machines) may be made accor
38、ding to this standard only for the load cases of free-running and running in train formation. This standard does not apply to workload cases. They are calculated separately. For light rail and tramway applications, other standards or documents agreed between the customer and supplier may be applied.
39、 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 13260:2003, Railway ap
40、plications Wheelsets and bogies Wheelsets Product requirements EN 13261:2003, Railway applications Wheelsets and bogies Axles Product requirements 3In France, the interpretation of the term “locomotive“ includes locomotives, locomoteurs or locotracteurs. 4If the gauge is not standard, certain formul
41、ae need to be adapted BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 7 3 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols and abbreviations in Table 1 apply: Table 1 Symbol Unit Description 1m kg Mass on journals (including bearings and axle boxes) 2m kg Wheelset
42、mass and masses on the wheelset between running surfaces (brake disc, etc.) 21mm + kg For the wheelset considered, proportion of the mass of the vehicle on the rails g m/s2Acceleration due to gravity P N Half the vertical force per wheelset on the rail 2)(21gmm +0P N Vertical static force per journa
43、l when the wheelset is loaded symmetrically 21gm1P N Vertical force on the more heavily-loaded journal 2P N Vertical force on the less heavily-loaded journal P N Proportion of P braked by any mechanical braking system 1Y N Wheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the more
44、 heavily-loaded journal 2Y N Wheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the less heavily-loaded journal H N Force balancing the forces 1Y and 2Y 1Q N Vertical reaction on the wheel situated on the side of the more heavily-loaded journal 2Q N Vertical reaction on the wheel s
45、ituated on the side of the less heavily-loaded journaliF N Forces exerted by the masses of the unsprung elements situated between the two wheels (brake disc(s), pinion, etc.) fF N Maximum force input of the brake shoes of the same shoeholder on one wheel or interface force of the pads on one disc xM
46、 Nmm Bending moment due to the masses in motion xM , zM Nmm Bending moments due to braking yM Nmm Torsional moment due to braking xM , zM Nmm Bending moments due to traction yM Nmm Torsional moment due to traction MX , MZ Nmm Sum of bending moments MY Nmm Sum of torsional moments MR Nmm Resultant mo
47、ment BS EN 13104:2009+A2:2012EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E) 8 Table 1 (continued) Symbol Unit Description b2 mm Distance between vertical force input points on axle journals s2 mm Distance between wheel treads 1h mm Height above the axle centreline of vehicle centre of gravity of masses carried by the wh
48、eelset iy mm Distance between the tread of one wheel and force iF y mm Abscissa for any section of the axle calculated from the section subject to force 1P Average friction coefficient between the wheel and the brake shoe or between the brake pads and the disc N/mm2Stress calculated in one section K
49、 Fatigue stress concentration factor R mm Nominal radius of the tread of a wheel bR mm Brake radius d mm Diameter for one section of the axle d mm Bore diameter of a hollow axle D mm Diameter used for determining K r mm Radius of transition fillet or groove used to determine K S Security coefficient G Centre of gravity fLR N/m
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