EN 1370-2011 en Founding - Examination of surface condition《铸造 表面状况的检查》.pdf

1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 1370:2011Founding Examination of surface conditionBS EN 1370:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1370:2011. It supers

2、edes BS EN 12454:1998 and BS EN 1370:1997, which are withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e I S E / 1 1 1 , S t e e l C a s t i n g s a n d F o r g i n g s .A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on reques

3、t to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 71102 2 ICS 17.040.20; 77.140.80; 77.150.01; 77.180 Compliance with a British Standard

4、cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 1370:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 1

5、370 December 2011 ICS 17.040.20; 77.180 Supersedes EN 12454:1998, EN 1370:1996English Version Founding - Examination of surface condition Fonderie - Contrle de ltat de surface Gieereiwesen - Bewertung des Oberflchenzustandes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 November 2011. CEN members

6、 are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application

7、to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management

8、 Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,

9、 Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any

10、form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1370:2011: EBS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Comparators .53 Requirements .53.1 General 53.2 Surface roughness examination 63.3 Visual examination of surface discontinuit

11、ies .84 Documentation 11Annex A (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition 12Bibliography . 13BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1370:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology”, the

12、 secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2012. Attention is draw

13、n to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document will supersede EN 1370:1996 and EN 12454:1998. Within its programme of work, Technical Co

14、mmittee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG 11 “Surface inspection“ to revise the following standards: EN 1370:1996, Founding Surface roughness inspection by visual tactile comparators and EN 12454:1998, Founding Visual examination of surface discontinuities Steel sand castings. Annex A provides deta

15、ils of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,

16、 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 4 Introd

17、uction The surface roughness of a casting is influenced by the manufacturing process (moulding, grinding, finishing, etc.), the moulding materials used (sand, coating, etc.), the production equipment available and the alloy cast. Depending on the applications of the casting, the surface requirements

18、 are related to mechanical loadings, appearance, surface treatment, etc. Since cast surfaces do not exhibit the same cyclic character as machined surfaces it is difficult to evaluate their roughness using conventional mechanical, optical, or pneumatic devices. Other optical/electronic means are now

19、available for measuring surface roughness of cast surfaces. For the ease of use, visual tactile comparators are preferred. Moreover, in order to take into account the irregularities on as-cast surfaces, ground surfaces or other means of finishing of castings, comparators should have relatively large

20、 dimensions1)in order to make them more reliable and their results repeatable and consistent. Two sets of comparators are in widespread use: “BNIF 359 Recommandation technique du Bureau de Normalisation des Industries de la Fonderie. Caractrisation dtats de surface des pices moules - Utilisation des

21、 chantillons types de 110 160 mm“, available from Editions Techniques des Industries de la Fonderie, 44 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92310 Svres, France 1; “SCRATA comparators for the definition of surface quality of steel and iron castings“, ASTM A 802 Shorter Set, available from Castings Technol

22、ogy International, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Brunel Way, Rotherham, S60 5WG, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom 2. A third set of comparators, for precision steel castings, is also available: “SCRATA surface comparators for the definition of surface texture of precision steel castings”, precision se

23、t, available from Castings Technology International, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Brunel Way, Rotherham, S60 5WG, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom 3. This European Standard also specifies 8 levels of surface imperfections based on maximum dimensions to be detected by visual examination. The SCRATA co

24、mparators shorter set 2, can also be used for the classification of surface discontinuities on steel and iron castings. BNIF N359 comparators can be used for all cast metals. 1)100 mm 150 mm for SCRATA comparators; 110 mm 160 mm for BNIF comparators. BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This Eu

25、ropean Standard specifies methods for the examination of surface condition (roughness and surface discontinuities) of castings. This European Standard is applicable to all cast metals and all casting processes except die casting. 2 Comparators The comparators are essentially positive replicas of act

26、ual casting surfaces: as-cast or after further fettling treatment such as shot blasted or ground. Full size photographs of the comparators can be used to assist in making a rapid evaluation of the overall roughness of the comparators. These can give preliminary information for the appropriate select

27、ion of a moulding or finishing process. It is emphasized however that the comparators, and not the photographs, shall be used to form the basis of an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. An overview and a comparison of the different categories and levels of the three sets of compara

28、tors are given in Tables 1, 2 and 4. 3 Requirements 3.1 General When examination of surface conditions is required, the following shall be agreed by the time of ordering: the category and severity level required. More than one severity level can be specified for different surfaces of the same castin

29、g. This shall be clearly indicated on the drawing; any types of discontinuities which are unacceptable; the areas of the castings which are to be examined; these shall be clearly indicated on the drawing; number of castings to be examined; the manufacturing stage at which surfaces are to be examined

30、. NOTE 1 Guidelines for the specification of acceptance criteria for surface condition of iron castings are given in EN 1559-3 4. NOTE 2 General principles for visual examination are described in EN 13018 5. The examination shall be performed by trained personnel with satisfactory visual acuity. BS

31、EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 6 3.2 Surface roughness examination 3.2.1 General The methods detailed in this European Standard shall only apply to the surfaces of castings and the percentage or number of castings to be checked. These conditions shall be subject of an agreement between the manufacture

32、r and the purchaser by the time of ordering. This information enables the manufacturer to assess the additional inspections and operations involved. Table 1 BNIF and SCRATA surface roughness and dressing comparators 1 2 RoughnessRa(m)For guidance onlyMoulding Mechanical dressing Thermal dressing BNI

33、F 1SCRATA 2Corres-ponding process BNIF 1SCRATA 2Corres-ponding process BNIF 1SCRATA 2Corres-ponding process Smoothest 0,8 2/0S2 Very fine grinding 1,6 3/0S1 Investment 1/0S2 Fine grinding 3,2 2/0S1 1S2 Medium grinding Shell resins 6,3 1/0S1 2S2 Medium-coarse grinding 1S1 A1 3S2 Green sand and cold s

34、etting small- medium castings 12,5 2S1 A2 4S2 Coarse grinding 3S1 A3 5S2 H1 G1 Fine thermal cutting Green sand and cold setting medium- large castings 4S1 H3 Very coarse grinding 1S3 G2 25 5S1 H4 Moulding for large castings 2S3 6S1 A4 H5 G3 Coarse thermal cutting 7S1 3S3 G5 Roughest 50 8S1 A5 4S3 BS

35、 EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 7 Table 2 SCRATA surface comparators for the definition of surface texture of precision steel castings 3 6 Moulding process Roughness Smoothest Roughest Resin shell process V1, V2, V3 Lost polystyrene process W1, W2, W3 Shaw process X1, X2, X3 Lost-wax process Y1, Y2 Fe

36、ttled/grinded surfaces Z1, Z2, Z3 3.2.2 Surface roughness examination by visual tactile comparators To evaluate casting roughness, the areas indicated on the drawing shall be compared without optical aids, but with the appropriate visual tactile comparators of the category and level involved. Compar

37、ison between the appropriate comparator and the casting surface shall be made with the comparators held next to the casting under sufficient conditions of lighting. NOTE When the surface to be checked is significantly smaller than the surface of a comparator, an agreement on the method to be used sh

38、ould be made between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The outcome of the comparison is satisfactory if, in the area under consideration, the roughness corresponds to that of the comparator or, if it is generally smoother. 3.2.3 Surface roughness examination by contact (stylus) instruments or non

39、contact (optical) instruments If one of these methods is to be used, it shall be subject of an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser by the time of ordering. The following shall be agreed: method to be used; area(s) to be examined; scanning dimensions; surface profile parameters to be

40、 measured; required values (minimum, maximum) for these parameters. BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 8 3.3 Visual examination of surface discontinuities 3.3.1 General The area to be considered shall be examined without optical aids and it is essential to use sufficient lighting. Surface discontinuiti

41、es can be facing outwards or inwards. Discontinuities can be eliminated either by grinding down to minimum wall thickness as stated in the drawing, or, after approval by the customer, by finishing welding. The surface to be inspected shall be clean, free from rust, sand, scale, moulding and mould co

42、ating residues, oil, grease or any other contaminant, which can interfere with a correct examination. 3.3.2 Classification of surface discontinuities by dimensions In Table 3 severity levels for surface discontinuities by dimensions are specified. It can be used for as-cast, shot blasted, grinded or

43、 machined surfaces. The size of the discontinuities is characterized by the dimensions H and L (see Figure 1): Key L largest length; H largest depth or height perpendicular to the surface. Figure 1 Size of discontinuities L and H BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 9 Borders and edges, not resulting fro

44、m parting lines, having the shape of “steps” in cast surfaces should be considered as discontinuities, see Figure 2. Figure 2 Step irregularities Table 3 Severity levels for surface discontinuities (dimensions) Severity Level Size of discontinuities Weight and/or thickness of casting Range of height

45、 or depth H (mm) Largest length L (mm) within the H range VD1 0,5 0,5 Small castings VD2 0,5 to 1,0 1,0 VD3 1,0 to 1,5 1,5VD4 1,0 to 1,5 2,5 VD5 1,0 to 2,0 5,0VD6 1,5 to 3,0 10 VD7 1,5 to 3,0 15VD8 2,0 to 4,0 20 Large castings NOTE VD stands for Visual examination of discontinuities Dimensions. When

46、 the height or depth of discontinuities is less than the lower limit of the H range, the discontinuities shall not be taken into account. A maximum number of discontinuities may be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer. BS EN 1370:2011EN 1370:2011 (E) 10 3.3.3 Classification of surface d

47、iscontinuities for steel and iron castings by visual tactile comparators For evaluating casting surfaces, the areas to be assessed shall be visually compared, without optical aids, with the appropriate comparators on the basis of the category and severity level. Comparison of the comparators with th

48、e casting surface shall be made with the comparators held next to the casting under sufficient lighting conditions. When two or more discontinuity categories are present in any area to be assessed, each shall be assessed according to its specified severity level. The outcome of the assessment is sat

49、isfactory if, in the required area, it is equal to or better than the stated reference comparators. Surface discontinuities not covered by these comparators shall be a matter of agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer. In Table 4 most common categories of discontinuities and severity levels within each of the categories are defined. Table 4 Severity levels for surface discontinuities for steel and iron castings (Sc