1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 13906-1:2013Cylindrical helical springs madefrom round wire and bar Calculation and designPart 1 : Compression springsBS EN 13906-1:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13906-1:2013.It supersedes BS EN 13906-1:2002
2、which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FME/9/3, Springs.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Use
3、rs are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 80598 1ICS 21.160Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theS
4、tandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 13906-1:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 13906-1 July 2013 ICS 21.160 Supersedes EN 13906-1:2002English Version Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire a
5、nd bar - Calculation and design - Part 1 : Compression springs Ressorts hlicodaux cylindriques fabriqus partir de fils ronds et de barres - Calcul et conception - Partie 1: Ressorts de compression Zylindrische Schraubenfedern aus runden Drhten und Stben - Berechnung und Konstruktion - Teil 1: Druckf
6、edern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 May 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical r
7、eferences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
8、 CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Maced
9、onia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EURO
10、PISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13906-1:2013: EBS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 2 Contents Foreword 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scop
11、e 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviated terms . 5 4 Theoretical compression spring diagram . 8 5 Design principles . 9 6 Types of Loading . 10 7 Stress correction factor k . 12 8 Material property values for the calculation of springs . 13 9 Calculation form
12、ulae . 14 10 Permissible torsional stresses . 19 Annex A (informative) Examples of relaxation for cold coiled springs . 29 Bibliography 35 BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13906-1:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 407 “Project Committee - Cylindr
13、ical helical springs made from round wire and bar - Calculation and design”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2014, and conflictin
14、g national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document s
15、upersedes EN 13906-1:2002. This European Standard has been prepared by the initiative of the Association of the European Spring Federation ESF. This European Standard constitutes a revision of EN 13906-1:2002 for which it has been technically revised. The main modifications are listed below: updatin
16、g of the normative references, technical corrections. EN 13906 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cylindrical helical springs made from round wire and bar Calculation and design: Part 1: Compression springs; Part 2: Extension springs; Part 3: Torsion springs. According to the C
17、EN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hung
18、ary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 4 Introduction The revision of EN 13906 series have been initiated
19、by the Association of the European Spring Federation ESF in order to correct the technical errors which are in the published standards and to improve them according to the state of the art. However, the revision of the figures is not take part of this work due to the lack of shared (mutual) data to
20、update them. Nevertheless, the customers can have updated data from the manufacturers. BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the calculation and design of cold and hot coiled cylindrical helical compression springs with a linear characteristic, made from ro
21、und wire and bar of constant diameter with values according to Table 1, and in respect of which the principal loading is applied in the direction of the spring axis. Table 1 Characteristic Cold coiled compression spring Hot coiled compression spring Wire or bar diameter d 20 mm 8 mm d 100 mm Number
22、of active coils n 2 n 3 Spring index 4 w 20 3 w 12 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edit
23、ion of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 10270-1, Steel wire for mechanical springs Part 1: Patented cold drawn unalloyed spring steel wire EN 10270-2, Steel wire for mechanical springs Part 2: Oil hardened and tempered spring steel wire EN 10270-3, Steel wire for mechan
24、ical springs Part 3: Stainless spring steel wire EN 10089, Hot-rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs Technical delivery conditions EN 12166, Copper and copper alloys Wire for general purposes EN ISO 2162-1:1996, Technical product documentation Springs Part 1: Simplified representation (ISO
25、 2162-1:1993) EN ISO 26909:2010, Springs Vocabulary (ISO 26909:2009) ISO 26910-1, Springs Shot peening Part 1: General procedures 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 26909:20
26、10 and the following apply. 3.1.1 spring mechanical device designed to store energy when deflected and to return the equivalent amount of energy when released SOURCE: EN ISO 26909:2010, 1.1 3.1.2 compression spring spring (1.1) that offers resistance to a compressive force applied axially SOURCE: EN
27、 ISO 26909:2010, 1.2 BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 6 3.1.3 helical compression spring compression spring (1.2) made of wire of circular, non-circular, square or rectangular cross-section, or strip of rectangular cross-section, wound around an axis with spaces between its coils SOURCE: EN ISO
28、 26909:2010, 3.12 3.2 Symbols, units and abbreviated terms Table 2 contains the symbols, units and abbreviated terms used in this European Standard. Table 2 (1 of 3) Symbols Units Terms a0mm gap between active coils of the unloaded spring 2ieDDD+= mm mean diameter of coil Demm outside diameter of sp
29、ring Demm increase of outside diameter of the spring, when loaded Dimm inside diameter of spring d mm nominal diameter of wire (or bar) dmaxmm upper deviation of d E N/mm (MPa) modulus of elasticity (or Youngs modulus) F N spring force F1, F2 . N spring forces, for the spring lengths L1, L2. (at amb
30、ient temperature of 20C) Fc thN theoretical spring force at solid length LcNOTE The actual spring force at the solid length is as a rule greater than the theoretical force FKN buckling force FnN spring force for the minimum permissible spring length LnFQN spring force perpendicular to the spring axi
31、s (transverse spring force) fes-1 (Hz) natural frequency of the first order of the spring (fundamental frequency) G N/mm (MPa) modulus of rigidity k - stress correction factor (depending on D/d ) L mm spring length L0mm nominal free length of spring L1, L2. mm spring lengths for the spring forces F1
32、, F2. BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 7 Table 2 (2 of 3) Symbols Units Terms Lnmm minimum permissible spring length (depending upon Sa) Lcmm solid length LKmm buckling length m mm mean distance between centres of adjacent coils in the unloaded condition (pitch) N - number of cycles up to ruptu
33、re n - number of active coils nt- total number of coils R N/mm spring rate RmN/mm (MPa) minimum value of tensile strength RQN/mm transverse spring rate Samm sum of minimum gaps between adjacent active coils at spring length Lns mm spring deflection s1, s2. mm spring deflections, for the spring force
34、s F1, F2. scmm spring deflection, for the solid length, Lcshmm deflection of spring (stroke ) between two positions sKmm spring deflection, for the buckling force FK(buckling spring deflection) snmm spring deflection, for the spring force FnsQmm transverse spring deflection, for the transverse force
35、 FQvStm/s impact speed W Nmm spring work, dDw = - spring index - spring rate ratio - slenderness ratio - seating coefficient - relative spring deflection kg/dm density N/mm (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress (without the influence of the wire curvature being taken into account) 1, 2. N/mm (MPa) unco
36、rrected torsional stress, for the spring forces F1, F2. cN/mm (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the solid length LcBS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 8 Table 2 (3 of 3) Symbols Units Terms khN/mm (MPa) corrected torsional stress range, for the stroke shkN/mm (MPa) corrected torsional stress
37、 (according to the stress correction factor k) k1, k2. N/mm (MPa) corrected torsional stress, for the spring forces F1, F2. kH (.)N/mm (MPa) corrected torsional stress range in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles knN/mm (MPa) correc
38、ted torsional stress, for the spring force FnkO (.)N/mm (MPa) corrected maximum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying the number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles kU (.)N/mm (MPa) corrected minimum torsional stress in fatigue, with the subscript specifying th
39、e number of cycles to rupture or the number of ultimate cycles nN/mm (MPa) uncorrected torsional stress, for the spring force FnStN/mm (MPa) impact stress zulN/mm (MPa) permissible static torsional stress 4 Theoretical compression spring diagram The illustration of the compression spring corresponds
40、 to Figure 4.1 from EN ISO 2162-1:1996. The theoretical compression spring diagram is given in Figure 1. BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 9 Figure 1 Theoretical compression spring diagram 5 Design principles Before carrying out design calculations for a spring, the requirements to be met shall
41、be considered, particularly taking into account and defining: a spring force and corresponding spring deflection or two spring forces and corresponding stroke or a spring force, the stroke and the spring rate, loading as a function of time: is static or dynamic, in the case of dynamic loading the to
42、tal number of cycles, N, to rupture, operating temperature and permissible relaxation, transverse loading, buckling, impact loading, other factors (e.g. resonance vibration, corrosion). BS EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 10 In order to optimise the dimensions of the spring by taking the requireme
43、nts into account, sufficient working space should be provided when designing the product in which the spring will work. 6 Types of Loading 6.1 General Before carrying out design calculations, it should be specified whether they will be subjected to static loading, quasi-static loading, or dynamic lo
44、ading. 6.2 Static and/or quasi-static loading A static loading is: a loading constant in time. A quasi-static loading is: a loading variable with time with a negligibly small torsional stress range (stroke stress) (e.g. torsional stress range up to 0,1 fatigue strength); a variable loading with grea
45、ter torsional stress range but only a number of cycles of up to 104. 6.3 Dynamic loading In the case of compression springs dynamic loading is: Loading variable with time with a number of loading cycles over 104and torsional stress range greater than 0,1 fatigue strength at: a) constant torsional st
46、ress range; b) variable torsional stress range. Depending on the required number of cycles N up to rupture it is necessary to differentiate the two cases as follows: c) infinite life fatigue in which the number of cycles N 107for cold coiled springs; N 2 106for hot coiled springs; In this case the t
47、orsional stress range is lower than the infinite life fatigue limit. d) limited life fatigue in which N 1. Safety against buckling can also be evaluated with the graph shown in Figure 6. On the right-hand side of the limit curve the spring is unstable, on the left-hand side the spring is stable. BS
48、EN 13906-1:2013EN 13906-1:2013 (E) 19 Key 1 limit curve a risk of buckling b no buckling Figure 6 Theoretical buckling limit of helical compression springs 9.15 Impact stress The impact torsional stress Stis determined by the following formula: St= StG 1023 (30) Formula (30) does not take into accou
49、nt the reflection of the impact waves and the effect of coil clashing. 10 Permissible torsional stresses 10.1 Permissible torsional stress at solid length 10.1.1 Cold coiled springs For manufacturing reasons, it should be possible to compress all springs down to their solid length. The uncorrected permissible torsional stress at solid length, c zul is usually c zul = 0,56 Rm. The value of Rm (minimum value of tensile streng
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