1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 14181:2014Stationary source emissions Quality assurance ofautomated measuring systemsBS EN 14181:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14181:2014. Itsupersedes BS EN 14181:2004 which is withdrawn.The UK participation
2、 in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/1, Stationary source emission.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible fo
3、r its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 78074 5ICS 13.040.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy an
4、d Strategy Committee on 30 November 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 14181:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14181 November 2014 ICS 13.040.40 Supersedes EN 14181:2004English Version Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated me
5、asuring systems mission des sources fixes - Assurance qualit des systmes automatiques de mesurage Emissionen aus stationren Quellen - Qualittssicherung fr automatische Messeinrichtungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 October 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELE
6、C Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or
7、to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the offic
8、ial versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
9、Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of e
10、xploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14181:2014 EBS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 10 5 Principle . 11 6
11、 Calibration and validation of the AMS (QAL2) . 14 7 Ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) . 24 8 Annual Surveillance Test (AST) 30 9 Documentation 34 Annex A (normative) QAL2 and AST functional test of AMS. 35 Annex B (normative) Test of linearity 39 Annex C (informative) Control charts
12、 . 41 Annex D (normative) Documentation . 51 Annex E (informative) Examples of calculation of the calibration function and of the variability test 53 Annex F (informative) Example of calculation of the standard deviation sAMSof the AMS at zero and span level . 72 Annex G (informative) Example of usi
13、ng the calibration function and testing the variability and validity of the calibration function in the AST . 75 Annex H (informative) Implementation of QAL1 . 80 Annex I (normative) kvand t0,95;N1values . 81 Annex J (informative) Significant technical changes . 82 Bibliography . 84 BS EN 14181:2014
14、EN 14181:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14181:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement
15、, at the latest by May 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or a
16、ll such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 14181:2004. Annex J provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition. The first edition of this document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the Europ
17、ean Free Trade Association to support requirements in the EU Directives 2000/76/EC 1 and 2001/80/EC 2, which have been replaced by EU Directive 2010/75/EU 3, and may also be applicable for other purposes. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
18、following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlan
19、ds, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard describes the quality assurance procedures needed to assure that an automated measuring system (AMS) installed
20、 to measure emissions to air are capable of meeting the uncertainty requirements on measured values given by legislation, e.g. EU Directives 1, 2, 3 or national legislation, or more generally by competent authorities. Three different quality assurance levels (QAL1, QAL2, and QAL3) are defined to ach
21、ieve this objective. These quality assurance levels cover the suitability of an AMS for its measuring task (e.g. before or during the purchase period of the AMS), the validation of the AMS following its installation, and the control of the AMS during its ongoing operation on an industrial plant. An
22、annual surveillance test (AST) is also defined. The suitability evaluation (QAL1) of the AMS and its measuring procedure are described in EN 15267-3 and EN ISO 14956 where a methodology is given for calculating the total uncertainty of AMS measured values. This total uncertainty is calculated from t
23、he evaluation of all the uncertainty components arising from its individual performance characteristics that contribute. BS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QAL) for automated measuring systems (AMS) insta
24、lled on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters. This European Standard specifies: a procedure (QAL2) to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by it, so as to demonstrate the suitability of the AMS for
25、 its application, following its installation; a procedure (QAL3) to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with those determined during QAL1; a procedure for the
26、 annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate (i) that it functions correctly and its performance remains valid and (ii) that its calibration function and variability remain as previously determined. This European Standard is designed to be used after the AMS has been certified in
27、 accordance with the series of European Standards EN 15267. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the la
28、test edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15259:2007, Air quality Measurement of stationary source emissions Requirements for measurement sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report EN 15267-1, Air quality Certification of automated meas
29、uring systems Part 1: General principles EN 15267-2, Air quality Certification of automated measuring systems Part 2: Initial assessment of the AMS manufacturers quality management system and post certification surveillance for the manufacturing process EN 15267-3, Air quality Certification of autom
30、ated measuring systems Part 3: Performance criteria and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources EN ISO 14956, Air quality Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a required measurement uncertainty (ISO 14956
31、) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 automated measuring system AMS measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions or measurement of peripheral parameters BS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 6
32、 Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method. Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample gas lines, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter, water v
33、apour removal devices, converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that are required for regular functional checks. 3.2 extractive AMS AMS having the detection unit physically separated from the gas stream by means of a sampling system 3.3 in-situ AMS AMS havin
34、g the detection unit in the gas stream or in a part of it 3.4 peripheral AMS AMS used to gather the data required to convert the AMS measured value to standard conditions Note 1 to entry: A peripheral AMS is used to measure e.g. water vapour, temperature, pressure and oxygen. 3.5 reference method RM
35、 measurement method taken as a reference by convention, which gives the accepted reference value of the measurand SOURCE: EN 15259:2007 3.6 standard reference method SRM reference method prescribed by European or national legislation Note 1 to entry: Standard reference methods are used e.g. to calib
36、rate and validate AMS and for periodic measurements to check compliance with limit values. SOURCE: EN 15259:2007 3.7 peripheral SRM SRM used to gather the data required to convert the SRM measured values to AMS or standard conditions Note 1 to entry: A peripheral SRM is used to measure e.g. water va
37、pour, temperature, pressure and oxygen. 3.8 standard conditions conditions to which measured values have to be standardized to verify compliance with emission limit values Note 1 to entry: Standard conditions are specified e.g. in EU Directives 1, 2 and 3. 3.9 emission limit value ELV limit value re
38、lated to the maximum permissible uncertainty Note 1 to entry: For the EU Directives 1, 2 and 3 it is the daily emission limit value that relates to the uncertainty requirement. BS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 7 3.10 maximum permissible uncertainty uncertainty requirement on AMS measured values giv
39、en by legislation or competent authorities 3.11 legislation directives, acts, ordinances or regulations 3.12 competent authority organization or organizations which implement the requirements of EU Directives and regulate installations which shall comply with the requirements of this European Standa
40、rd 3.13 calibration function linear relationship between the values of the SRM and the AMS with the assumption of a constant residual standard deviation Note 1 to entry: For dust measuring AMS, a quadratic calibration function can be used as described in EN 13284-2. 3.14 standard deviation positive
41、square root of the mean squared deviation from the arithmetic mean divided by the number of degrees of freedom Note 1 to entry: The number of degrees of freedom is the number of measurements minus 1. 3.15 confidence interval interval estimator (T1, T2) for the parameter with the statistics T1and T2a
42、s interval limits and for which it holds that PT1 T2 (1 ) SOURCE: ISO 3534-1:2006 Note 1 to entry: The two-sided 95 % confidence interval of a normal distribution is illustrated in Figure 1, where: T1= 1,96 0is the lower 95 % confidence limit; T2= + 1,96 0is the upper 95 % confidence limit; I = T2 T
43、1= 2 1,96 0is the length of the 95 % confidence interval; 0= I / (2 1,96) is the standard deviation associated with a 95 % confidence interval; n is the number of observed values; f is the frequency; m is the measured value. BS EN 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 8 Figure 1 Illustration of the 95 % confi
44、dence interval of a normal distribution In this European Standard, the standard deviation 0is estimated in QAL2 by parallel measurements with the SRM. It is assumed that the requirement for 0, presented in terms of a maximum permissible uncertainty, is provided by the regulators (e.g. in some EU Dir
45、ectives). In the procedures of this standard, the premise is that the maximum permissible uncertainty is given as 0itself, or as a quarter of the length of the full 95 % confidence interval. Note 2 to entry: In some EU Directives (see 1, 2, 3) the uncertainty of the AMS measured values is expressed
46、as half of the length of a 95 % confidence interval as a percentage P of the emission limit value E. Then, in order to convert this uncertainty to a standard deviation, the appropriate conversion factor is 96,1/0EP= . 3.16 variability standard deviation of the differences of parallel measurements be
47、tween the SRM and AMS 3.17 uncertainty parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 3.18 measurand particular quantity subject to measurement SOURCE: ISO/IEC
48、Guide 98-3:2008 Note 1 to entry: A measurand can be e.g. the mass concentration of a measured component or the waste gas velocity, pressure or temperature. 3.19 measured component constituent of the waste gas for which a defined measurand is to be determined by measurement SOURCE: EN 15259:2007 BS E
49、N 14181:2014EN 14181:2014 (E) 9 3.20 peripheral parameter specified physical or chemical quantity which is needed for conversion of measured values to specified conditions 3.21 measured value estimated value of the measurand derived from a measured signal Note 1 to entry: This usually involves calculations related to the calibration process and conversion to required quantities. Note 2 to entry: A measured value is a short-term average. The averaging time can be e.g. 10 min,
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