1、BRITISH STANDARD Natural stone test methods - Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity The European Standard EN 19361999 has the status of a British Standard ICs 91.100.15 BS EN 1936:1999 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
2、 STDoBSI BS EN 193b-ENGL 1997 m Lb246b9 0792475 981 been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes int effect on 15 September 1999 Amd. No. O BSI 09-1999 ISBN O 580 32293 9 BS EN 193
3、6:1999 Date Comments National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1936 1999. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/545, Natural stone, which has the responsibility to: - aid enquirers to understand the text; - present to the r
4、esponsible internationaEuropean committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests iIlfOed, - monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
5、 request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI StankD EN 1936 NORME mTR0PEE”E EuRopAIscHE NOFCM March 1999 ICs 73.020 91.100.15 English version Natuml stone test methods - D
6、eterminalion of real density and apparent density, and of totall and open porosity Mthodes dessai pour pierres natureiles - Dte-on des masses volumiques relle et apparente et des porosits ouverte et totale IMfverfhhren fr Naturstein - -urig der bindichte, der Rohdichte, der offenen PorositAt und der
7、 Gesamtporositt This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 1999. CEN members are bound to comply with the CENKENELEC Internai Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any aiteration. Up-to-date lists and bib
8、liogmphical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, Gem). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
9、 CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austri mass of the specimen ground and dried (for the tests using the pycnometer or the volumenometer), in grams; mass of the speci
10、men immersed in water, in grams; mass of the sahmted specimen, in grams; mass of the pycnometer filled with water and the ground specimen, in grams; mass of the pycnometer Wed with water, in grams; apparent volume of the specimen, in millilitres; volume of open pores of the specimen, in millilitres;
11、 volume of liquid displaced by the mass me (volumenometer test); apparent density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre; real density of the specimen, in kilograms per cubic metre; density of water, in kilograms per cubic metre; total porosity of the specimen, as a percentage; open porosity
12、of the specimen, as a percentage. 6 Apparatus 6.1 A ventuted oven, which can maintah a temperature of (70 * 5) OC. 6.2 An evacuation vessel, which can maintain a pressure of (2,O O,“) Wa = (15 5) mm Hg and allow gradual immersion of the contained specimens. 6.3 A weighing instrument, which has an ac
13、curacy of at least 0,01% of the mass to be weighed, also capable to weigh the specimen in water. 6.4 A limar measuring device, with an accuracy of 0,l mm. 6.6 An ISODIS 3507 type 3 pycnometer, having a nominal capacity of 50 ml. 6.6 A Le Chatelier type volumeter, consisting of a flat-bottomed flask
14、with a tube graduated from O mi to 24 ml in 0,l ml graduations. 6.7 A sime, with a 0,063 mm mesh. 6.8 A Clpsiwnlor, with desiccant STDoBSI BS EN 193b-ENGL 1999 = It624669 0792479 527 Page 4 EN 19361999 7 Preparation of the specimens 7.1 Sampling The samphg is not the responsibility of the test labor
15、atory except where specialiy requested At least six test specimens, which are considered representative of the body of stone being tested, shall be selected. 7.2 Test specimens The test specimens have the form of a cylinder, cube or prism and shall be obtained by diamond sawing or coring. Their appa
16、rent volume calculated by geometrical measurements shall be at least 25 ml. In addition, the surface area to volume ratio shall be between 0,l mn-l and 0,2 m-l. NOTE The specimens prepared for the determination of compressive or flexural strength can be used if they satisfy the surfacdvolume ratio.
17、7.3 Drying the specimens The specimens are to be dried at a temperature of (70 f 5) OC until a constant mass is reached This is assumed to have been attained when the difference between two weighings at an interval of (24 f 2) h is not greater than 0,1% of the mass of the specimen. The specimens sha
18、li be kept in a desiccator until room temperature is attallied 8 Bst procedure 8.1 Open porosity and apparent density Weigh each specimen (md), then put the specimens into an evacuation vessel and lower the pressure gradually to (2,0 * 0,7) kPa = (15 f 5) mm Hg. Maintain tkis pressure for (24 * 2) h
19、 in order to eliminate the air contained in the open pores of the specimens. Introduce demineralized water at (20 f 5) OC slowly into the vessel (the rate at which the water rises shall be such that the specimens are completely immersed in not less than 15 min). Maintain the pressure of (2,O * 0,7)
20、kPa during introduction of water and for (24 f 2) h afterwards. After this time return the vessel to atmospheric pressure and leave the specimens under water for another (24 f 2) h at atmospheric pressure. Then, for each specimen: - weigh the specimen under water and record the mass in water: mh; -
21、quickly wipe the specimen with a dampened cloth and determine the mass ms of the specimen saturated with water. In the case of natural stones with visible cavities (e.g. travertine) the apparent volume is determined by measuring the dunensions of the specimens to the nearest millimetre. 8.2 Real den
22、sity 8.2.1 General For dense, low porosity stones the differences between real and apparent density, as well as between open porosity and total porosity, are very small. For these stones it is sufficient to determine the apparent density and the open porosity. In the case of control of supplies the
23、decision of omitting the determination of the real density shall be agreed upon between the parties. In this standard two methods for the determination of real density are described: the pycnometer (Method A) and Le Chatelier volumenometer (Method B). The first method is more accurate but requires a
24、 very long time. It is suggested to use it as a reference method in the case of controversy. Le Chatelier volumenometer method is less accurate but easy and rapid to perform and can be used for production control. 8.2.2 Method A (pycnometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent de
25、nsity and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately until the particles will pass through a sieve with 0,063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to a constant mass and set apart a mass me of approximately 25 g weighed to an Introduce deionized water into the pycnometer and l it until approximat
26、ely half full. Then add the weighed mass m, of the ground specimen into the pycnometer and agitate the liquid to disperse the solid matter. Expose the pycnometer to a vacuum of (2 f 0,7) Wa until no further air bubbles rise, then l it with deionized water almost to the top and leave the solid matter
27、 to settle until the water above the residue is clear. Next, carefully top up the pycnometer with deionized water, fit the ground stopper and gently wipe off any overflow. Finally weigh the pycnometer to an accuracy Empty and wash the pycnometer, fil it with deionized water only and weigh to an accu
28、racy of *O,Ol g (mz). Before each weighing make sure that the ambient air temperature is (20 * 5) “C. 8.2.3 Method B (Le Chatelier volumenometer) For each specimen, after having determined the apparent density and the open porosity, grind each specimen separately until the particles wil pass through
29、 a sieve with 0,063 mm mesh. Dry the ground specimen to a constant mass and set apart a mass me of approximately 50 g weighed to an accuracy of *0,01 g. of *0,01 g (m1). accuracy of f0,l g. O BSI 09-1999 Introduce deionized water into Le Chatelier volumenometer until the level is up to the O graduat
30、ion. Then add the weighed mass me of the ground specimen into the volumenometer in five fractions in the region of 10 g each, ensuring that all of each fraction falls into the liquid After the introduction of each fraction, agita b) the number, title and date of issue of this European Standard c) th
31、e name and address of the test laboratory and the address where the test was carried out if different from the test laboratox d) the me and address of the client; e) it is the responsibility of the client to supply the following information: - the petrographic name of the stone; - the commercial nam
32、e of the stone in accordance with prEN 12440; - the country and region of extraction; - the name of the supplier; - the direction of any existing plane of anisotropy (if relevant to the test) to be clearly indicated on the sample or on each specimen by means of two parallel lines; - the name of the
33、person or organization which carried out the samphg; - the surface finish of the specimens (if relevant to the testj; f) the date of delivery of the sample or of the specimens; g) the date when the specimens were prepared (if relevant) and the date of testing; h) the number of specimens in the sampl
34、e; i) the dimensions of the specimens; j) for each specimen: the red density (if determined) and the apparent density to the nearest 10 kg/m3, the open porosity and the ttal porosity (if determined) to the nearest 0,l oh k) the arithmetic mean of the individual values for the real density (if determ
35、ined) and for the apparent density (to the nearest 10 kg/m3), for the open porosity and for the total porosity (if determined) (to the nearest 0,1%); lj the method used for the determination of the real density (when relevant); m) all deviations from the standard and their justification; n) remarks.
36、 The test report shall contain the signature(s) and role(s) of the responsible(s) for the testing and the date of issue of the report. It shali also state that the report shall not be partially reproduced without the written consent of the test laboratory BS EN 1936:1999 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road L
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