1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 926-2:2013Paragliding equipment ParaglidersPart 2: Requirements and test methods forclassifying flight safety characteristicsBS EN 926-2:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 926-2:2013. Itsupersedes BS EN 926-2:2005
2、 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee SW/136/6, Sports, Playground and other RecreationalEquipment - Paragliding.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purpor
3、t to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 77385 3ICS 97.220.40Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.T
4、his British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 926-2:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 926-2 November 2013 ICS 97.220.40 Supersedes EN 926-2:200
5、5English Version Paragliding equipment - Paragliders - Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics quipement pour le parapente - Parapentes - Partie 2: Exigences et mthodes dessai pour la classification des caractristiques de scurit en vol Ausrstung fr das Gle
6、itschirmfliegen - Gleitschirme - Teil 2: Anforderungen und Prfverfahren zur Klassifizierung der sicherheitsrelevanten Flugeigenschaften This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 September 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the condi
7、tions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists
8、 in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national stand
9、ards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slo
10、venia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserve
11、d worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 926-2:2013: EBS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Requirements .7 4.1 Paraglider classes .7 4.2 Classification of flight characteristics .8 4.3 Failure .8 4.4 Fli
12、ght characteristics .8 5 Flight tests . 29 5.1 General . 29 5.2 Apparatus 29 5.3 Test specimen . 30 5.4 Test conditions . 32 5.5 Procedure 32 6 Test files 44 6.1 Test file information 44 6.2 Items accompanying the test files 44 7 Users manual 44 8 Manufacturing record . 46 9 Marking 47 Annex A (norm
13、ative) Measuring suspension line lengths . 49 BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 926-2:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, play-ground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European S
14、tandard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
15、document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 926-2:2005. In comparison with the previous edition EN 926-2:2005, the following significant changes have been made: editorial rev
16、ision; introduction of new definitions; modification of paragliders classification; update of marking; introduction of additional lines paragraph; harness dimensions have been modified; test methods for asymmetric and symmetric collapse have been improved; update of test method for behaviour exiting
17、 a fully developed spiral dive. This document is one of a series of standards on equipment for paragliding as follows: EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength EN 926-2, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 2: Requirements and test m
18、ethods for classifying flight safety characteristics EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength tests EN 12491, Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and test methods According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards org
19、anizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg
20、, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for classifying the flight safety characteristics of para
21、gliders in terms of the demands on pilot flying skills. This document is intended for the use of independent testing laboratories qualified for flight testing paragliders. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispe
22、nsable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment Paragliders Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural strength EN 966
23、, Helmets for airborne sports EN 1651, Paragliding equipment Harnesses Safety requirements and strength tests EN 12491, Paragliding equipment Emergency parachutes Safety requirements and test methods 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply
24、. 3.1 paraglider ultralight glider with no primary rigid structure, for which take-off and landing are on foot, with the pilot (and potentially one passenger) carried in a harness (or harnesses) connected to the wing 3.2 harness assembly composed of straps and fabric for supporting the pilot in the
25、seated or semi-recumbent or standing position Note 1 to entry: The harness is attached to the wing via two rings or connectors; it can also be integral with the wing via risers. 3.3 emergency parachute emergency device intended to slow the descent of a paraglider pilot in the event of an incident in
26、 flight, which is deployed by the pilot by an intentional manual action Note 1 to entry: This may be unsteered or steerable. 3.4 controls primary steering and speed controls which are designated as such by the manufacturer 3.5 trimmer lockable pitch adjustment system Note 1 to entry: Action by the p
27、ilot is required to return it to the initial position. BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 5 3.6 accelerator secondary pitch control mechanism generally operated by the feet, which automatically returns to the initial position when the action of the pilot stops 3.7 accelerator fully activated when the
28、 mechanical limits of the glider are reached and further action on the accelerator does not result in a further decrease of the angle of attack 3.8 action of the pilot any transfer of weight, action on the controls, the accelerator or on the trimmer 3.9 normal flight flight condition in which the pa
29、raglider is fully inflated and is following a trajectory close to straight flight (at a speed close to trim speed) without any action on the part of the pilot Note 1 to entry: A small number of cells may still be collapsed. 3.10 spiral dive flight condition in which the paraglider is fully inflated
30、and is following a circling, steep, nose down trajectory with pitch angle of more than 70 and the angle of the span relative to the horizontal between 0 and 40 as illustrated in Figure 1 BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 6 Key a angle of the span relative to the horizon b pitch angle Figure 1 Illust
31、ration of a spiral dive 3.11 spontaneous recovery when the paraglider returns to normal flight without any action on the part of the pilot BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 7 3.12 front collapse folding under of the leading edge such that the top surface is visible to the pilot Note 1 to entry: Defo
32、rmation of the leading edge is not considered to be a front collapse. 3.13 cascade transition from one involuntary abnormal flight condition to another involuntary abnormal flight condition 3.14 minimum speed slowest airspeed maintainable without entering a deep stall or full stall 3.15 trim speed a
33、irspeed of the paraglider in straight flight without activating the controls or the accelerator 3.16 maximum speed airspeed of the paraglider in straight flight with the controls in the zero position and the accelerator fully activated Note 1 to entry: Maximum speed is only used when referring to gl
34、iders equipped with an accelerator. 3.17 low speed airspeed of the paraglider in straight flight with the controls at 50 % of travel between the zero and the symmetric stall position, i.e. 50 % of the symmetric control travel 3.18 weight in flight total weight (mass) of the pilot and his entire para
35、gliding equipment (including the glider) ready to fly Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, masses are indicated in kilograms rounded to the nearest integer value. 3.19 additional lines cross lines or folding lines used to help the test pilot in achieving specified manoeuvres 3.20 cros
36、s line single line going from one riser to any position on an opposite A-line or A-line attachment point 3.21 folding lines copy of the complete geometry of the A-lines (angle, cascade, length) used to help the test pilot in achieving specified manoeuvres 4 Requirements 4.1 Paraglider classes The cl
37、ass of a paraglider is determined according to 4.2. The class is intended to give pilots a guideline on whether a paraglider is suitable for their level of skill (see Table 1). BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 8 Table 1 Description of the paraglider classes Class Description of flight characteristi
38、cs Description of pilot skills required A Paragliders with maximum passive safety and extremely forgiving flying characteristics. Gliders with good resistance to departures from normal flight. Designed for all pilots including pilots under all levels of training. B Paragliders with good passive safe
39、ty and forgiving flying characteristics. Gliders with some resistance to departures from normal flight. Designed for all pilots and may be suitable for pilots under training if recommended by the manufacturer. C Paragliders with moderate passive safety and with potentially dynamic reactions to turbu
40、lence and pilot errors. Recovery to normal flight may require precise pilot input. Designed for pilots familiar with recovery techniques, who fly “actively” and regularly, and understand the implications of flying a glider with reduced passive safety. D Paragliders with demanding flying characterist
41、ics and potentially violent reactions to turbulence and pilot errors. Recovery to normal flight requires precise pilot input. Designed for pilots well practised in recovery techniques, who fly very actively, have significant experience of flying in turbulent conditions, and who accept the implicatio
42、ns of flying such a wing. 4.2 Classification of flight characteristics When testing in accordance with the procedures 5.5.18.1 to 5.5.18.23, various aspects of the paragliders behaviour are measured. These measurements are classified according to 4.4.1 to 4.4.24. The class of a paraglider according
43、to this document is determined by the highest classification obtained, i.e. by the highest level of pilot skill required (see Table 1). 4.3 Failure The glider has failed the test procedure if either: a) as a consequence of tests 5.5.18.1 to 5.5.18.23 any failure of any part or component occurs; b) t
44、he results of any of the tests 5.5.18.1 to 5.5.18.23 are not classified A, B, C or D. NOTE In the classification tables in 4.4.1 to 4.4.24 the letter “F“ (failed) is used to identify unacceptable behaviour. 4.4 Flight characteristics 4.4.1 Inflation/take-off When tested in accordance with 5.5.18.1,
45、it is found out how difficult it is to take-off with this glider (including checking for undesirable tendencies). The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 2 and classified according to Table 3. BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 9 Table 2 Measurements and possible ranges in the
46、inflation/take-off test Measurement Ranges Rising behaviour Smooth, easy and constant rising, no pilot correction required Easy rising, some pilot correction is required Overshoots, shall be slowed down to avoid a front collapse Hangs back Special take-off technique required No Yes Table 3 Classific
47、ation of a paragliders behaviour in the inflation/take-off test Measurement and ranges (according to Table 2) Classification Rising behaviour Smooth, easy and constant rising A Easy rising, some pilot correction is required B Overshoots, shall be slowed down to avoid a front collapse C Hangs back D
48、Special take-off technique required No A Yes C 4.4.2 Landing When tested in accordance with 5.5.18.2, it is found out how difficult it is to flare and land this glider (including checking for undesirable tendencies). The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 4 and classified acc
49、ording to Table 5. Table 4 Measurements and possible ranges in the landing test Measurement Ranges Special landing technique required No Yes Table 5 Classification of a paragliders behaviour in the landing test Measurement and ranges (according to Table 4) Classification Special landing technique required No A Yes D BS EN 926-2:2013EN 926-2:2013 (E) 10 4.4.3 Speeds in straight flight When tested in accordance with 5.5.18.3, it is made sure that the paraglider is not too slow (hands up) and that
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