1、BS EN 975-1:2009ICS 79.040NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDSawntimberAppearancegradingofhardwoodsPart 1: Oak and beechIncorporating corrigendum September 2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 975-1:2009, incorpo
2、rating corrigendum September 2010. It supersedes BS EN 975-1:1996 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/543, Round and sawn timber.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This public
3、ation does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN 975-1:2009This British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolic
4、y and StrategyCommittee on 30 April2009 BSI 2010Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 30 November 2010Implementation of CEN corrigendum September 2010: Textual correction to Tables 3, 4, 6 and 7ISBN 978 0 580 73094 8EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 975-1March 2
5、009ICS 79.040 Supersedes EN 975-1:1995 English VersionSawn timber - Appearance grading of hardwoods - Part 1: Oakand beechBois scis - Classement daspect des bois feuillus - Partie1: Chne et htreSchnittholz - Sortierung nach dem Aussehen von Laubholz- Teil 1: Eiche und BucheThis European Standard was
6、 approved by CEN on 24 January 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nati
7、onalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and not
8、ified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malt
9、a, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitati
10、on in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 975-1:2009: EIncorporating corrigendum September 2010EN 975-1:2009 (E)2 Contents PageForeword 31Scope 42Normative references43Terms and definitions .54Method of determination of sawn timber quality54.1 Rules for g
11、rading.54.2 Grading principles.64.2.1 Assessment of the quality 64.2.2Cases of un-edged boards 64.3 Criteria to be taken into account 64.3.1General . .64.3.2 Criteria linked to the structure of the timber74.3.3 Sawing characteristics74.3.4 Warp 74.3.5 Fungal and insect attacks.74.3.6 Stains 74.3.7 O
12、ther characteristics.85Denomination of grades85.1 General . .85.2 Oak (Q) 85.3 Beech (F).96Acceptance of batches96.1Un-edged boards .96.2 Square edged timber.97Grading rules97.1 Grading face.97.2 Un-edged boards.97.2.1 Grading area.97.2.2 Presence of a solitary feature (only one). 107.3 Strips and s
13、quare edged timber 107.3.1 Knots 107.3.2 Other features. 107.4 Baulks 107.5 Appearance grading Tables. 11Bibliography . 35BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)3 Foreword This document (EN 975-1:2009) has been prepar ed by Technical Committee CEN/TC175 “Round a nd sawntimber”, the secretariat of which is
14、 held by AFNOR.This European Standard shall be given the status ofa national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest b ySeptember 2009, and conflicting national standards shall bewithdrawn at the latest by September 2009.Attention is drawn to the possibi
15、lity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any orall such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 975-1:1995.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organiz
16、ations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania
17、, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UnitedKingdom. BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)4 1 ScopeThis European Standard specifies the rules determining the qualityof appearance graded sawn timber. It describes various grades of te mperate hardwood rough sawn timber and r egularized
18、timber for which it laysdown denominations and definitions. I t also gives rules for composition and acceptance of batches.This standard gives minimum requirements for each grade classification. Sawn timber not included within limits given in this standard may be defined, if necessary, by contract s
19、pecifications established on the basis of this standard.This standard applies to grading of green and dried timber. Characteristics apply at the time of grading.This standard does not applyto the strength grading of structural timber or to sawn timber for pallets.This standard is applicable to the f
20、ollowing products:a) Oak sawn timber, in the following categories:1) Un-edged boards: individualselected pieces and boules;2) Square edged timber and strips (not exceeding 41 mm thickness);3) Baulks (sum of thickness + width 200 mm and thickness 80 mm).b) Beech sawntimber, in the following categorie
21、s:1) Un-edged boards: individualselected pieces and boules;2) Square edged timber and strips;3) Prepared timber (dried timber).2 NormativereferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For unda
22、ted references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments) applies.EN 844-1:1995, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part1: General terms common to round timber andsawn timberEN 844-3:1995, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part3: General terms relating to sawn timberEN 8
23、44-4:1997, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 4: Terms relating tomoisture contentEN 844-6:1997, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 6: Terms relating todimensions of sawn timberEN 844-7:1997, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 7: Terms relating to anatomical structure of timberEN 844-9:1
24、997, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 9: Terms relating tofeatures of sawn timberEN 844-10:1998, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 10: Terms relating to stain and fungal attackEN 844-11:1998, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 11: Terms relating to degrade by insectsBS EN 975-1:2009EN
25、 975-1:2009 (E)5 EN 844-12:2000, Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 12: Additional terms and general indexEN 1310, Round and sawn timber Method of measurement of featuresEN 1311, Round and sawn timber Method of measurement of biological degrade EN 1313-2, Round and sawn timber Permitted deviatio
26、ns and preferred sizes Part2: Hardwood sawn timber3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 844-1:1995, EN 844-3:1995,EN 844-4:1997, EN 844-6:1997, EN 844-7:1997, EN 844-9:1997, EN 844-10:1998, EN844-11:1998 and EN 844-12:2000 and the following
27、apply.3.1dried timbertimber with a stipulated reduced moisture content 3.2green timbertimber that has not been dried to or below the fibre saturation pointNOTE Green timber has a moisture content normally above 30 %.EN 844-4:19973.3width or length reduction notional decrease in the actual dimensions
28、 of a board to exclude features that may subsequently be removed4 Method of determination of sawn timber quality4.1Rules for gradingHardwood (oak and beech) can be put into grades using the principles laid down in 4.2, the criteria defined in4.3 and the following tables: Table 2 gives rules for grad
29、ing oak un-edged boards; Table 3 gives rules for grading oak strips and square edged timber; Table 4 gives rules for grading oak baulks; Table 5 gives rules for grading beech un-edged boards; Table 6 gives rules for grading beech strips and square edged timber; Table 7 gives rules for grading beech
30、prepared timber. BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)6 4.2 Grading principles4.2.1 Assessment of the qualityFor individual selected boards and boules grading is made on the faces. For other pieces grading is made on faces and edges. The size, position and frequency of features, sawing defects and deter
31、iorations are taken into account. Non-conformity with the conditions applicable to any one of these elements is sufficient todowngrade the piece.Dimensional variation is not taken intoaccount for qualitygrading of the pieces. It isalready covered byEN 1313-2 or by any specific requirements defined c
32、ontractually.Only the following categories can be reduced inwidth and/or length: Individual selected boards, boules.4.2.2Cases of un-edged boards4.2.2.1Individual selected boardsNo more than 10% of pieces one grade lower than the lowest one stated for the batch is allowed. For mixed grade batches th
33、e minimum proportion of each grade shall be identified.4.2.2.2 BoulesRecognising the characteristics inherent in a growing tree, a boule may comprise a number of un-edgedboards of different grades.Proportion of grades allowed within a boule is given inTable 1:Table 1 Proportion of grades allowed wit
34、hin one boule 65% Stated grade 25% One grade lower 10% Two grades lowerPieces presenting features which are not in conformity with the boule grade shall be graded in accordance with reduced width rules (see 3.2).4.3Criteria to be taken into account 4.3.1 GeneralQualityis determined on the basis of t
35、he rules in tables given in this standard and measurement rules according to EN 1310 and EN 1311.The moisture content of the timber at the time of grading shall be stated.The following criteria are sufficient for the appearance grading:BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)7 4.3.2 Criteria linked to the
36、structure of the timber Knots (size, nature, degree of intergro wth, frequency); Shakes and checks; Slope of grain; Bark-pocket; Sapwood (for oak); unless specified in the contract, sound sapwood is permitted without limit in all grades;NOTE Unsound sapwood is considered according to grading criteri
37、a given in Tables of Clause 7. Included sapwood.4.3.3 Sawingcharacteristics Boxed heart; Exposed pith;NOTE Presence of pithon un-edged boardsis not a qualitative element for downgrading but width reduction may beconsidered. Wane. 4.3.4 Warp Bow; Spring; Cup; Twist.4.3.5Fungal and insect attacks4.3.6
38、 Stains Red heart (in beech); Blackstreaks; Dote; Rot; Brown oak; Other discolorations.BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)8 4.3.7 Other characteristicsCharacteristics as texture, grain, quarter and plain sawn timber are not taken into account in the grading.5 Denomination of grades5.1 General The deno
39、mination includes from three to six characters. 5.1.1 The first character is the species initial in Latin: Q for oak; F for beech.5.1.2 The next character indicates the type of product: B for boules; S for individual selected boards; F for strips and square edged timber; P for baulks; D for prepared
40、 timber. 5.1.3 The next character indicated the quality grade “A“ indicates exceptional quality; 1, 2 , etc. represent the other grades.In some cases, these are subdivided, denoted by the addition of lower caseletters and suffixes (see below).The grades for oak and beech are specified in 5.2 and 5.3
41、.5.2 Oak (Q) Boules Q-BA Q-B1 Q-B2 Q-B3 Q-B4 Individual selected boards Q-SA Q-S1 Q-S2 Q-S3 Q-S4 Stripsand square edged timber Q-F1a Q-F1b Q-F2 Q-F3 Q-F4 Baulks Q-PA Q-P1 Q-P2For strips and square edged timber, the addition, at the end of class denomination: Of the letter X indicates the presence of
42、 sapwood on one face of strips or square edged pieces in limitgiven by Table 3, Of letters XX indicates the presence of sapwood on all faces and edges of strips or square edged pieces if it is over the limit given by Table 3.BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)9 5.3 Beech (F) Boules F-BA F-B1 F -B2 F-B
43、3 Individual selected boards F-SA F-S1 F-S2 F-S3 Stripsand squared edged timber F-F1 F-F2 F-F3 Prepared timber F-DA F-D1 F-D2The addition of the letter R at the end indicated the presence of red heart.6 Acceptance of batches6.1 Un-edged boardsUnless otherwise specified by the purchase, reception wit
44、h quality acceptance of individual selected un-edgedboards and boules shall take place on the sellers premises to allow width or length reduction to be carried out if necessary (see 4.2.2).6.2 Square edged timberReception can be carried out either on the sellers or the buyers premises, as mutually a
45、greed, using randomsampling method given in CEN/TS 12169.7 Grading rules7.1 Grading facea) For individual selected un-edged boardsTake into account features which are on the “falling“ face, which is defined asthe face which is visible on the production line, after sawing.In the case of specific meas
46、urement, the quality is determined by the face, the width of which is measured.b) For boulesTake into account features which are on the upper face in the stacking position to form the boule.c) For strips and square edged timberTake into account features which are on the best face.7.2 Un-edged boards
47、7.2.1 Grading areaA notional area of 0,2m x 2,0 m containing the maximum number or the largest features on the grading facedetermines the grade of each board.Features located less than 10 cm from edges or ends of un-edged boards are not considered, unless theresulting width and length is insufficien
48、t to inscribe in an area of 0,20 m x 2 m. This manner of doing is not valid for Q-BA and Q-SA classes; onlywidth reduction can be used and it is limited to 1/3 of the width.BS EN 975-1:2009EN 975-1:2009 (E)10 7.2.2 Presence of a solitary feature (only one)Un-edged boards cannot be downgraded by the
49、presence of onlyone feature which is not accepted in a grading. Consequently, this feature is accep ted with a width or length reduction. 7.3Strips and square edged timber7.3.1 Knots Take into account knots in the most penalized linear metre or the whole piece if the length is 1 m.Equivalence concept, except for Q-F1a. This allows any repartition of knots, providing: each knot diameter is under maximum allowed diamete
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