1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 14475:2006Execution of special geotechnical works Reinforced fillThe European Standard EN 14475:2006 has the status of a British StandardICS 93.020g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40
2、g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 14475:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49309 1National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is
3、the UK implementation of EN 14475:2006. It partially supersedes BS 8006:1995 which is currently being revised in order to remove conflicting material. In the meantime, where conflict arises between the two documents the provisions of BS EN 14475 should take precedence. The UK participation in its pr
4、eparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/526, Geotechnics, to Subcommittee B/526/4, Strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills.A list of organizations represented on B/526/4 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisio
5、ns of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 14475January 2006ICS 93.020English VersionE
6、xecution of special geotechnical works - Reinforced fillExcution de travaux gotechniques spciaux - RemblaisrenforcsAusfhrung von besonderen technischen Arbeiten(Spezialtiefbau) - Bewehrte SchttkrperThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 November 2005.CEN members are bound to comply with th
7、e CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or
8、to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.
9、CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swit
10、zerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN
11、14475:2006: EIncorporates Corrigendum September 2006EN 14475:2006 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword 3 1 Scope .4 2 Normative references .6 3 Terms and definitions.8 4 Information needed for construction.10 5 Geotechnical investigations.10 6 Materials and products.11 7 Design considerations17 8 Execution.
12、20 9 Supervision, testing and monitoring.27 10 Records .27 11 Specific requirements.28 Annex A (informative) Typical use of fill types depending on application, reinforcement and facing .29 Annex B (informative)30 Annex C (informative) Facing units and systems 32 Annex D (informative) Some typical r
13、einforcement forms 49 Annex E (informative) Steel reinforcement.52 Annex F (informative) Recommendations for facing units54 Bibliography.56 EN 14475:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14475:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 288 “Execution of special geotechnical works”, the se
14、cretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2006. The design of rein
15、forced fill structures is currently carried out using national standards such as BS 8006 (1995) and NF P 94-220 (1998) and other standards. As a matter of fact EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7 (Geotechnical design) does not currently cover the detailed design of reinforced fill structures. The values of partia
16、l factors and load factors given in EN 1997-1 have not been calibrated for reinforced fill structures. Whilst many common features exist between the design methods that have been developed and established in the various member countries of CEN, there are also differences reflecting different working
17、 practices, as well as such matters as geological and climatic variations. In view of these differences, and of the time required to develop a common design method that would fully reflect the various considerations identified in particular national methods, a two stage approach has been adopted for
18、 the development of standards for reinforced fill. In accordance with this two stage approach Working Group 9 was mandated by TC 288 for first producing an EN giving guidance on the Execution of reinforced fill, before working towards a common method of design. This standard represents the implement
19、ation of the first part of that mandate. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hun
20、gary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 14475:2006 (E) 4 1 Scope 1.1 This European Standard establishes general principles for the construction of reinfo
21、rced fill. 1.2 This European Standard covers engineered fills that are reinforced by the inclusion of horizontal or sub-horizontal reinforcement placed between layers of fill during construction. 1.3 The scope of reinforced fill applications considered in this European Standard includes (Figure 1):
22、earth retaining structures, (vertical, battered or inclined walls, bridge abutments, bulk storage facilities), with a facing to retain fill placed between the reinforcing layers; reinforced steep slopes with a facing, either built-in or added or wrap-around, reinforced shallow slopes without a facin
23、g, but covered by some form of erosion protection without a facing, reinstatement of failed slopes; embankments with basal reinforcement and embankments with reinforcement against frost heave in the upper part. Principles for the execution of other special geotechnical works using soil nails, bored
24、piles, displacement piles, micro piles, sheet pile walls, diaphragm walls, grouting or jet grouting are established in other European Standards. Reinforcement of road pavements is not covered by this Standard. EN 14475:2006 (E) 5 a) Walls b) Abutments c) Mixed abutments d) Reinforced slopes e) Basal
25、 reinforcement f) Basal mattress Key Key 1 Reinforcement 2 Soft deposit 1 Thin soft layer 2 Firm layer EN 14475:2006 (E) 6 g) Piled embankments with basal reinforcement h) Reinforcement over areas prone to subsidence Key Key 1 Reinforcement 2 Piles 1 Reinforcement 2 Potential weak zones or voids i)
26、Reinforcement in areas prone to frost heave j) Offshore Basal Reinforcement Key Key1 Reinforcement 2 Ice lenses 1 Reinforcement 2 Lake or sea 3 Soft seabed Figure 1 Some reinforced fill applications 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of th
27、is document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 206-1, Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. EN 1990, Eurocode Basis of structural design.
28、 EN 1991, Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures. EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 14475:2006 (E) 7 EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 2: T
29、echnical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels. EN 10025-4, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. EN 10079, Definition of steel products. EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of
30、 concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel - General EN 10218-1, Steel wire and wire products General - Part 1 : Test methods. EN 10218-2, Steel wire and wire products - General - Part 2 : Wire dimensions and tolerances. EN 10223-3, Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 3 : Hexagonal steel wire
31、 netting for engineering purposes. EN 10223-4, Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 4 : Steel wire welded mesh facing. EN 10244-1, Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 1: General principles. EN 10244-2, Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous
32、 metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 2: Zinc or zinc alloy coatings. EN 10245-1, Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on steel wire Part 1: General rules. EN 10245-2, Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on steel wire Part 2: PVC finished wire. EN 10245-3, Steel wire and wir
33、e products - Organic coatings on steel wire Part 3: PE coated wire. EN 10326, Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of structural steels Technical delivery conditions. EN 12224, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products Determination of the resistance to weathering. EN 12225, Geotextiles and
34、 geotextile-related products Method for determining the microbiological resistance by a soil burial test. EN 13251, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Characteristics required for use in earthworks, foundations and retaining structures. EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners mad
35、e of carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999) EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles - Specifications and test methods (ISO 1461:1999) EN ISO 2063, Thermal spraying - Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Zinc, aluminiu
36、m and their alloys (ISO 2063:2005) EN ISO 10320, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products identification on site (ISO 10320:1999). ENV ISO 10722-1, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Procedure for simulating damage during installation - Part 1: Installation in granular materials (ISO 1
37、0722-1:1998) EN 14475:2006 (E) 8 EN ISO 12957-1, Geosynthetics - Determination of friction characteristics - Part 1: Direct shear test (ISO 12957-1:2005) EN ISO 13431, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination of tensile creep and creep rupture behaviour (ISO 13431:1999) 3 Terms an
38、d definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 fill natural or man made material formed of solid particles, including certain rocks, used to construct engineered fill 3.2 reinforcement generic term for reinforcing inclusions placed within fil
39、l 3.3 engineered fill fill which is placed and compacted under controlled conditions 3.4 reinforced fill engineered fill incorporating discrete layers of soil reinforcement, generally placed horizontally, which are arranged between successive layers of fill during construction 3.5 fill reinforcement
40、 reinforcement which enhances stability of the reinforced fill mass by mobilising the axial tensile strength of the fill reinforcement by soil interaction over its total length NOTE It is typically in the form of a strip, sheet, rod, grid or mesh and is usually placed in discrete layers. 3.6 geosynt
41、hetics for the purpose of this European standard “geosynthetics” stands for “geotextiles and geotextile related products” 3.7 facing covering to the exposed face of a reinforced fill structure which retains the fill between layers of reinforcement and protects the fill against erosion 3.8 foundation
42、 foundation of a reinforced fill structure is the total area of the surface upon which the lowest layer of reinforcement is installed 3.9 discrete facing unit partial height facing unit used to construct incrementally a reinforced fill structure EN 14475:2006 (E) 9 3.10 full height facing unit facin
43、g unit equal to the height of the face of the structure 3.11 hard facing unit panel or block usually of precast concrete with intrinsically low vertical compressibility and high bending stiffness. (See C.2.1 for guidance) 3.12 deformable facing unit preformed steel grid section, a preformed solid st
44、eel section or a rock filled gabion with intrinsically vertical compressibility and low bending stiffness. (See C.2.2 for guidance) 3.13 soft facing unit soil fill encapsulated in a geogrid or a geotextile facing with no bending stiffness. (See C.2.3 for guidance) 3.14 facing system assemblage of fa
45、cing units used to produce a finished reinforced fill structure 3.15 rigid facing system facing system with no capacity to accommodate vertical differential settlement between fill and facing. (See Annex C for guidance) 3.16 semi-flexible facing system facing system with some capacity to accommodate
46、 differential settlement between fill and facing 3.17 flexible facing system pliant, articulated, facing system with capacity to accommodate differential settlement between fill and facing 3.18 green facing vegetative cover or infill used without facing units or as an adjunct to reinforced fill stru
47、ctures constructed using facing units 3.19 cladding false facing added in front of the facing to improve the aesthetics of a finished reinforced fill structure 3.20 design life service life, in years, required by the design 3.21 temporary structures structures with a design life of 1 - 5 years (Clas
48、s 1) 3.22 permanent structures structures with a design life of more than 5 years (Class 2 5) EN 14475:2006 (E) 10 4 Information needed for construction 4.1 Prior to commencement of any construction work all information necessary for the construction of the works in compliance with the design and co
49、ntract documents shall be provided. 4.2 Information shall include definition of the reporting procedure to deal with unforeseen circumstances, or with any conditions revealed or considered during construction which appear to be worse than those assumed in the design. 4.3 Information shall include definition of the reporting procedure if an observational method of design is adopted or monitoring is required. 4.4 Notice of any restrictions such as any construction phasing required by the design, any restrictions on site access, any environmenta
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