1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 14735:2005Characterization of waste Preparation of waste samples for ecotoxicity testsICS 13.030.01g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g4
2、4g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 14735:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 13 December 2005ISBN 978 0 580 60993 0National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14735:2005, incorporating corrigendum June 2006.T
3、he start and finish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum is indicated in the text by tags. Text altered by CEN corrigendum June 2006 is indicated in the text by .The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/508, Waste management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Cha
4、racterization of waste.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard ca
5、nnot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments issued since publicationDate Comments31 January 2008 Implementation of CEN corrigendum June 2006 BSI 2008EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 14735August 2005ICS 13.030.01English VersionCharacterization of waste - Preparation of was
6、te samples forecotoxicity testsCaractrisation des dchets - Prparation des chantillonsde dchets en vue dessais cotoxicologiquesCharakterisierung von Abfllen - Herstellung vonAbfallproben fr kotoxikologische UntersuchungenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 June 2005.CEN members are bound
7、 to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Centr
8、al Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the
9、 officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Swe
10、den, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref
11、. No. EN 14735:2005: EIncorporating corrigendum June 2006EN 14735:2005 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Equipment and reagents 7 5 Taking of laboratory sample 8 6 Transport .8 7 Storage 9 8 Waste characterization.10 9 Waste
12、pre-treatment : particle size reduction (granular waste, monolithic waste, paste-like waste and sludge)10 10 Tests performed on terrestrial organisms 11 11 Tests performed on aquatic organisms 14 12 Test report .17 Annex A (normative) Preparation of test mixtures according to the ecotoxicity tests t
13、o be performed 18 Annex B (informative) Ecotoxicity tests considered to establish this European Standard20 Bibliography.44 EN 14735:2005 (E) 3 Foreword This European Standard (EN 14735:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is
14、held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2006. According to the CEN/CENELEC Inter
15、nal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Nether
16、lands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 14735:2005 (E) 4 Introduction Ecotoxicity can be estimated using two approaches: a chemical-specific approach and a toxicity-based approach. Chemical analyses are compared, in the first case, to qu
17、ality criteria or threshold values to estimate ecotoxicity. In the second one, ecotoxicity is measured directly using biological tests. These two approaches complement each other, however, determination of pollutants in complex mixtures of unknown composition, that is a characteristic of many wastes
18、, does not allow a relevant estimation of ecotoxicity. For such samples, the toxicity based approach is usually recognised to be appropriate to assess potential toxicity. Bioassays integrate, indeed, the effects of all contaminants including additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects. They are s
19、ensitive to the bioavailable fraction of the contaminants only. Finally, bioassays integrate the effects of all contaminants, including those, not considered or detected by chemical analyses. Ecotoxicity tests can be applied to wastes to identify their potential hazardous properties with respect to
20、the environment for classification purposes or to assess the risk related to a site-specific exposure scenario. Identification of properties potentially hazardous to the environment for classification purposes A classification system, based on the assessment of intrinsic properties, should be indepe
21、ndent of an exposure scenario. The main requirement, in order to establish a relevant system for classifying wastes and for assessment of hazard properties, is to obtain comparable test results. This can only be obtained if the ecotoxicity tests on wastes are carried out according to a unique proced
22、ure describing more or less conventional test conditions (an exclusive dilution medium for terrestrial tests, a unique L/S ratio for preparation of water extracts, a unique liquid / solid separation step etc). This procedure should be applicable to a very wide range of waste materials whatever their
23、 physical properties are. Any strategy for the assessment of properties potentially hazardous to the environment used in a classification system should include test organisms representing the terrestrial and the aquatic compartment. Both types of tests should be considered because they expand the ra
24、nge of effect expression due to differences in species sensitivity and exposure. For this specific purpose, the water extracts preparations for toxicity testing do not simulate leaching from wastes under environmental conditions but measure the water available fraction of the toxic components of the
25、 wastes. Site-specific exposure scenario The second application of ecotoxicity tests to wastes refers to a risk assessment approach. In this particular case, the test strategy should model site specific exposure conditions and should take into account the transfer of contaminants via the food chain
26、and to surface and ground water by run-off or leaching. This application concerns firstly the definition of generic scenarios frequently encountered (e.g. wastes deposit in stockpiles, re-use of wastes) and focus on the relevant way of exposure to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. This European Sta
27、ndard describes the necessary steps to be performed before carrying out ecotoxicity tests on wastes within the context of assessment of ecotoxic properties for classification purposes. EN 14735:2005 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard describes the necessary steps to be performed before carrying ou
28、t ecotoxicity tests on wastes. The purpose of this European Standard is to provide guidance on the taking of the sample, transport, storage of wastes and to define preparation, for the determination of ecotoxicological properties of wastes under the conditions specified in this European Standard by
29、biological testing either as raw wastes or water extracts from wastes. Sample preparation for other applications (e.g. assessment of waste effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms in a disposal scenario) is not considered. Specifying a test battery to characterize ecotoxicological properties of
30、wastes is not in the scope of this European Standard. This European Standard is applicable to solid and liquid wastes. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
31、undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 14899, Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan EN 12457-2:2002, Characterization of waste Leaching Compliance
32、test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges Part 2: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg for materials with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction) EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of wat
33、er samples (ISO 5667-3:2003) ISO 10390, Soil quality Determination of pH ISO 11268-1, Soil quality Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Part 1: Determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate1)ISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a
34、mass basis Gravimetric method ISO 14238:1997, Soil quality Biological methods Determination of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes 1) Definition of soil substrate. EN 14735:2005 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Eu
35、ropean Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 dilution medium liquid or solid used for the preparation of control vessels and the preparation of test mixtures 3.2 ecotoxicological properties potential adverse effects to biological systems which a waste has an inherent capacity to c
36、ause 3.3 eluate solution recovered from a leaching test EN 12457-2:2002 3.4 granular waste waste not being monolithic, nor a liquid, a gas or a sludge EN 12457-2:2002 3.5 laboratory sample sample or subsample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory (IUPAC definition) NOTE 1 When the laboratory samp
37、le is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performa
38、nce of the test or for analysis. The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. NOTE 2 Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory
39、 for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 3.6 leachant liquid used in a leaching test NOTE For the purpose of this European Standard the leachant is water as specified in Clause 4. 3.
40、7 leaching test test during which a material is put into contact with a leachant and some constituents of the material are extracted 3.8 liquid sludge sludge that has the characteristic of a liquid as specified in the definition of a3.9 liquid waste waste that completely flows out of a calibrated op
41、ening, down to the upper level of the opening within a limited period of time (see Annex B of EN 12457-2:2002) dliquid waste (3.9) EN 14735:2005 (E) 7 3.10 monolithic waste material which has dimensional, physical and mechanical properties that comply with the criteria defined in an on going documen
42、t 3.11 paste-like material material of soft plastic or wet cement consistency usually smooth 3.12 sludge mixture of liquid and solid separated from various types of liquid as a result of natural or artificial processes EN 12457-2:2002 3.13 test mixture mixture of the test portion (waste or water ext
43、ract) with the dilution medium 3.14 test portion amount or volume of the test sample taken for measurement of ecotoxicological properties by biological testing and/or other properties of interest, usually of known weight or volume (adapted from IUPAC definition) NOTE 1 The test portion can be taken
44、from the laboratory sample directly if no preparation of sample is required (e.g. with liquids), but usually it is taken from the prepared test sample. NOTE 2 A unit or increment of proper homogeneity, size and fineness, needing no further preparation, can be a test portion. 3.15 test sample sample,
45、 prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for biological testing or analysis (adapted from IUPAC definition) NOTE The preparation of the test sample can include particle size reduction, preparation of water extract etc. 3.16 water extract solution obtained from a lea
46、ching test, a liquid/liquid extraction and a liquid/solid separation (centrifugation) 4 Equipment and reagents Usual laboratory equipment and the following. 4.1 Sieving equipment with sieves of 4 mm square mesh. NOTE Due to sieving, contamination of the sample may occur to an extent that affects the
47、 leaching of some constituents of concern e.g. cobalt and tungsten from tungsten carbide equipment or chromium, nickel and molybdenum from stainless steel equipment. 4.2 Crushing equipment: jaw crusher or cutting device. NOTE Due to crushing, contamination of the sample may occur to an extent that a
48、ffects the leaching of some constituents of concern e.g. cobalt and tungsten from tungsten carbide equipment or chromium, nickel and molybdenum from stainless steel equipment. EN 14735:2005 (E) 8 4.3 Balance of accuracy of at least 0,1 g. 4.4 End-over tumbler (5 rpm to 10 rpm) or rollertable rotatin
49、g at about 10 rpm. NOTE Other shaking or mixing devices can be used provided that they are proven to be equivalent. 4.5 Centrifuge operating at 2 500 g. 4.6 Filtering apparatus, either a vacuum filtration device (between 30 kPa and 70 kPa) (300 mbars to 700 mbars) or a high pressure filtration apparatus ( two months Feeding No 7. Dilution medium Artificial soil Volume 500 g (dry mass) / container 8. Test conditions Test chamber Enclosure capable of being controlled Temperature (20 2) C pH 6,0 0,5 Light intensity/quality 400 lux
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