1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15234-4:2012Solid biofuels Fuel qualityassurancePart 4: Wood chips for non-industrial useBS EN 15234-4:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK
2、 implementation of EN 15234-4:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisi
3、ons of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012ISBN 978 0 580 75036 6ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy
4、 and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15234-4:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15234-4 January 2012 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance - Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial us
5、e Biocombustibles solides - Assurance qualit du combustible - Partie 4: Plaquettes de bois usage non industriel Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualittssicherung von Brennstoffen - Teil 4: Holzhackschnitzel fr nichtindustrielle VerwendungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 November 2011. CEN mem
6、bers are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on applicat
7、ion to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Manage
8、ment Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherla
9、nds, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploita
10、tion in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15234-4:2012: EBS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 65 Quality assurance and qua
11、lity control measures .65.1 General 65.2 Traceability .75.3 Production requirements 75.4 Fuel requirements for the final product (Step 1) 85.5 Process description (Steps 2, 3 and 4) 85.6 Measures to assure the quality of the product (Step 5) 105.6.1 Inspection of incoming raw material and other good
12、s . 105.6.2 Wood chips production 105.6.3 Distribution 105.7 Routines for separate handling of nonconforming raw materials and solid biofuels (Step 6) . 116 Product declaration of fuel quality and labelling 11Annex A (informative) Examples of product declarations 12Annex B (informative) A-deviations
13、 14Bibliography . 15BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15234-4:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publi
14、cation of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall
15、not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The European standard series EN 15234, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance are provided as a gener
16、al requirements and additional product standards. Additional product standards may extend this series over time. EN 15234 consists of the following parts, under the general title Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance: Part 1: General requirements; Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use; Part 3:
17、 Wood briquettes for non-industrial use; Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use; Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use; Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-industrial use. Although these product standards may be obtained separately, it should be recognized that they require an understanding of th
18、e standards based on and supporting EN 15234-1. It is recommended to obtain and use EN 15234-1 in conjunction with these standards. NOTE In these product standards, non-industrial use means - use in smaller scale appliances, such as in households, in small commercial and public sector buildings. Acc
19、ording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, I
20、taly, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 4 Introduction The overall aim of this European Standard is to guarantee the wood chips quality
21、 through the whole supply chain, from the origin and source to the delivery of the solid biofuel and provide adequate confidence that specified quality requirements are fulfilled. The objective of this European Standard is to serve as a tool to enable the efficient trading of wood chips. Thereby: 1)
22、 the end-user can find wood chips that corresponds to its needs; 2) the producer/supplier can produce wood chips with defined and consistent properties and describe the fuel to the customers. Quality assurance measures should establish confidence in the wood chips through systems that are simple to
23、operate and do not cause undue bureaucracy. Wood chips are specified according to EN 14961-4, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use. BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines the procedures to fulfil the quality
24、requirements (quality control) and describes measures to ensure adequate confidence that the wood chips specification for non-industrial use as described in EN 14961-4 is fulfilled (quality assurance). This European Standard covers the raw material supply, production and delivery chain, from purchas
25、ing of raw materials to point of delivery to the end-user. This European standard covers only quality assurance for wood chips produced from the woody biomasses stated in EN 14961-1:2010, Table 1 and EN 14961-4. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the appl
26、ication of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14778, Solid biofuels Sampling EN 14961
27、-1:2010, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 1: General requirements EN 14961-4:2011, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use EN 15234-1, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance Part 1: General requirements NOTE In EN 14961-1:2010 there
28、are listed Normative references of the European Standards for sampling and sample reduction and in EN 14961-4:2011 for determination of solid biofuel properties. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14588:2010 and the following apply. 3.1 w
29、ood chips chipped woody biomass in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools such as knives NOTE 1 Wood chips have a rectangular shape with a typical length 5 to 50 mm and a low thickness compared to other dimensions. NOTE 2 See also cutter chi
30、ps, forest chips, green chips, stemwood chips, and whole-tree chips in EN 14588:2010. 3.2 chemical treatment treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat NOTE Examples of chemical treatment are listed in informative Annex C of EN 14961-1:2010. 3.3 impurities material other than the raw mat
31、erial or fuel itself such as soil, stones, metal, plastic, glass BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 6 3.4 weather condition temperature, humidity and precipitation, e.g. rain, snow 4 Symbols and abbreviations The symbols and abbreviations used in this European Standard comply with the SI system o
32、f units as far as possible. d dry (dry basis) ar as received w-% weight-percentage A designation for ash content, Adw-%, dry basis1)BD designation for bulk density as received kg/m31)M designation for moisture content as received on wet basis, Marw-%1)P designation for particle size distribution as
33、received1)Q designation for net calorific value as received, qp,net,arMJ/kg or kWh/kg or MWh/t at constant pressure1)NOTE 1 MJ/kg equals 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/cm3equals 1 kg/dm3. 5 Quality assurance and quality control measures 5.1 General Quality ass
34、urance and control aim to provide confidence that a stable quality is continually achieved in accordance with the customer requirements. It means that specified requirements are fulfilled, but it does not necessarily mean a high quality but a steady and continually achieved quality in accordance wit
35、h the customers requirements. The customer is the next operator in the supply chain. Customer requirements include not only the fuel quality, but also the quality of the companys performance, such as documentation (product declaration, labelling of packaging, system for traceability, etc.), timing a
36、nd logistics (to provide biofuels in time and to agreed performances criteria). Fuel quality assurance needs to be applied to the entire supply chain. As the supply chains for solid biofuels in the most cases needs to be kept very simple, the same documents are often used for documentation of qualit
37、y assurance and quality control measures. NOTE When the customer is a supplier, a retailer or end user, the customer requirements are usually written in sales contracts. Quality control is fundamentally about controlling the quality of a product or process to enable the delivery of the product or se
38、rvice within agreed parameters in the most efficient and cost effective way. The consequences of having good quality control will be a cost effective product and process. 1) Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels (see for example Table 1, EN 14961-4:2011
39、). For designation of chemical properties chemical symbols like S (sulphur), Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) are used and the value is added at the end of the symbol. BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 7 Quality assurance on the other hand, is about reviewing the products and processes, primarily thr
40、ough data provided from the quality control records and using this data: a) to provide confidence that products are produced within the required specification and processes are operated as they should be, and b) to assure that over a longer term either consistency is being maintained (stability in p
41、rocess results) or that quality improvements are making the intended impact. 5.2 Traceability Wood chips for non industrial use shall be specified with EN 14961-4. The origin and source of solid the biofuel is specified by Table 1 in EN 14961-1:2010. There are three parts in the supply chain, illust
42、rated in Figure 1. Figure 1 Simplified example of wood chips supply chain All operators in the supply chain are responsible for the traceability of the origin and source of the material delivered by them. The first operator is responsible for the documents being prepared the first time. The document
43、s shall be available and provided on justified request throughout the entire supply chain according to EN 15234-1. 5.3 Production requirements The methodology described below for quality assurance and quality control of the production shall be used, but shall be adjusted for the production requireme
44、nts of the specific wood chips production chain in question. There are six consecutive steps that have to be followed by every stakeholder in the supply chain. The steps are described below. For examples of documentation, see informative Annex A. Step 1: Define fuel requirements for the final produc
45、t (see 5.4) Step 2: Document the steps in the raw material supply, production and distribution processes (see 5.5, Figures 2) BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 8 Step 3: Identify quality influencing factors including company performance (see 5.5, Figure 2) Step 4: Define Critical Control Points
46、for compliance with the fuel specification (see 5.5, Figure 2) Step 5: Select appropriate measures to assure the quality of the product (see 5.6) Step 6: Establish routines of separate handling of nonconforming raw materials and solid biofuels (see 5.7) The following information will give a general
47、overview about documenting the requirements for the production in a wood chips supply chain. 5.4 Fuel requirements for the final product (Step 1) Wood chips for non-industrial use are produced according to EN 14961-4. NOTE The fuel specification is based on EN 14961-1:2010 General part, Table 5 in t
48、he case of individually made agreements. 5.5 Process description (Steps 2, 3 and 4) Example of the process description with the corresponding quality influencing factors and Critical Control Points are given in Figure 2. BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 9 Figure 2 Example for the description of
49、 the production process and the distribution chain with influencing factors and Critical Control Points BS EN 15234-4:2012EN 15234-4:2012 (E) 10 5.6 Measures to assure the quality of the product (Step 5) 5.6.1 Inspection of incoming raw material and other goods carry out visual or other sensory inspections of the delivered raw material, customers order of a certain specification and the suppliers acceptance of the order, contamination is checked
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