1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15234-5:2012Solid biofuels Fuel qualityassurancePart 5: Firewood for non-industrial useBS EN 15234-5:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK i
2、mplementation of EN 15234-5:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovision
3、s of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012ISBN 978 0 580 75037 3ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy a
4、nd Strategy Committee on 31 January 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15234-5:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15234-5 January 2012 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance - Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use Bi
5、ocombustibles solides - Assurance qualit du combustible - Partie 5: Bois de chauffage usage non industriel Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualittssicherung von Brennstoffen - Teil 5: Stckholz fr nichtindustrielle Verwendung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 November 2011. CEN members are boun
6、d to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CE
7、N-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre h
8、as the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
9、Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any f
10、orm and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15234-5:2012: EBS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 55 Quality assurance and quality control
11、measures .65.1 General 65.2 Traceability .65.3 Production requirements 75.4 Fuel requirements for the final product (Step 1) 75.5 Process description (Steps 2, 3 and 4) 85.6 Measures to assure the quality of the product (Step 5).95.6.1 Inspection of incoming raw material and other goods 95.6.2 Firew
12、ood production 105.6.3 Distribution 105.7 Routines for separate handling of nonconforming materials and solid biofuels (Step 6) 106 Product declaration of fuel quality and labelling 11Annex A (informative) Examples of product declarations . 12Bibliography . 14BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 3
13、Foreword This document (EN 15234-5:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest
14、 by July 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pate
15、nt rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The European standard series EN 15234, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance are provided as a general requirements and additional product standards. Additional
16、 product standards may extend this series over time. EN 15234 consists of the following parts, under the general title Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance: Part 1: General requirements; Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use; Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-industrial use; Part 4: Wood chips
17、for non-industrial use; Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use; Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-industrial use. Although these product standards may be obtained separately, it should be recognized that they require an understanding of the standards based on and supporting EN 15234-1. It is recomm
18、ended to obtain and use EN 15234-1 in conjunction with these standards. NOTE In these product standards, non-industrial use means - use in smaller scale appliances, such as in households, in small commercial and public sector buildings. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national
19、 standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Nor
20、way, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 4 Introduction The overall aim of this European Standard is to guarantee the firewood quality through the whole supply chain, from the origin to the delive
21、ry of the solid biofuel and provide adequate confidence that specified quality requirements are fulfilled. The objective of this European Standard is to serve as a tool to enable the efficient trading of firewood. Thereby: 1) the end-user can find firewood that corresponds to its needs; 2) the produ
22、cer/supplier can produce firewood with defined and consistent properties and describe firewood to the customers. Quality assurance measures should establish confidence in firewood through systems that are simple to operate and which do not cause undue bureaucracy. Firewood is specified according to
23、EN 14961-5, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use. BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines the procedures to fulfil the quality requirements (quality control) and describes measures to ensure adequate confidence
24、that specification of firewood described in EN 14961-5 is fulfilled (quality assurance). This European Standard covers the raw material supply, production and delivery chain, from purchasing of raw materials to point of delivery to the end-user. This European standard covers only quality assurance f
25、or firewood produced from the woody biomasses stated in EN 14961-1:2010, Table 1 and EN 14961-5. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest
26、edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14961-1:2010, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 1: General requirements EN 14961-5:2011, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes
27、Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use EN 15234-1, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance Part 1: General requirements NOTE In EN 14961-1:2010 there are listed Normative references of the European Standards for sampling and sample reduction and in EN 14961-5:2011 for determination of solid biofuel p
28、roperties. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14588:2010 and the following apply. 3.1 firewood cut and split oven-ready fuelwood used in household wood burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems NOTE Firewood u
29、sually has a uniform length, typically in a range of 150 mm to 1 000 mm. 3.2 impurities material other than the raw material or fuel itself, such as soil, stones, metal, plastic, glass 3.3 weather condition temperature, humidity and precipitation, e.g. rain, snow 4 Symbols and abbreviations The symb
30、ols and abbreviations used in this European Standard comply with the SI system of units as far as possible. d dry (dry basis) ar as received BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 6 w-% weight-percentage D designation for diameter as received, D cm1)E designation for energy density as received, EarkW
31、h/m3loose or stacked volume or kWh/kg1)L designation for length as received, L cm1)M designation for moisture content as received on wet basis, Marw-%1)U designation for moisture content as received in dry basis, Udw-%1)Q designation for net calorific value as received, qp,net,arMJ/kg or kWh/kg or M
32、Wh/t1)NOTE 1 MJ/kg equals 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/cm3equals 1 kg/dm3. 5 Quality assurance and quality control measures 5.1 General Quality assurance and control aim to provide confidence that a stable quality is continually achieved in accordance with t
33、he customer requirements. It means that specified requirements are fulfilled, but it does not necessarily mean a high quality but a steady and continually achieved quality in accordance with the customers requirements. The customer is the next operator in the supply chain. Customer requirements incl
34、ude not only the fuel quality, but also the quality of the companys performance, such as documentation (product declaration, labelling of packaging, system for traceability, etc.), timing and logistics (to provide biofuels in time and to agreed performances criteria). Fuel quality assurance needs to
35、 be applied to the entire supply chain. As the supply chains for solid biofuels in the most cases needs to be kept very simple, the same documents are often used for documentation of quality assurance and quality control measures. NOTE When the customer is a supplier, a retailer or end user, the cus
36、tomer requirements are usually written in sales contracts. Quality control is fundamentally about controlling the quality of a product or process to enable the delivery of the product or service within agreed parameters in the most efficient and cost effective way. The consequences of having good qu
37、ality control will be a cost effective product and process. Quality assurance on the other hand, is about reviewing the products and processes, primarily through data provided from the quality control records and using this data. a) to provide confidence that products are produced within the require
38、d specification and processes are operated as they should be, and b) to assure that over a longer term either consistency is being maintained (stability in process results) or that quality improvements are making the intended impact. 5.2 Traceability Firewood for non-industrial use shall be specifie
39、d with EN 14961-5. The origin and source of solid biofuel is specified by Table 1 in EN 14961-1:2010. There are three parts in the supply chain, illustrated in Figure 1. 1) Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels (see for example Table 1, EN 14961-5:2011)
40、. BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 7 Figure 1 Simplified example of a firewood supply chain All operators in the supply chain are responsible for the traceability of the origin and source of the material delivered by them. The first operator is responsible for the documents being prepared the f
41、irst time. The documents shall be available and provided on justified request throughout the entire supply chain according to EN 15234-1. 5.3 Production requirements The methodology described below for quality assurance and quality control of the production shall be used, but shall be adjusted for t
42、he production requirements of the specific firewood production chain in question. There are six consecutive steps that have to be followed by every stakeholder in the supply chain. The steps are described below. For examples of documentation, see informative Annex A. Step 1: Define fuel requirements
43、 for the final product (see 5.4) Step 2: Document the steps in the raw material supply, production and distribution processes (see 5.5, Figures 2 or 3) Step 3: Identify quality influencing factors including company performance (see 5.5, Figures 2 or 3) Step 4: Define Critical Control Points for comp
44、liance with the fuel specification (see 5.5, Figures 2 or 3) Step 5: Select appropriate measures to assure the quality of the product (see 5.6) Step 6: Establish routines of separate handling of nonconforming raw materials and solid biofuels (see 5.7) The following information will give a general ov
45、erview about documenting the requirements for the production in a firewood supply chain. 5.4 Fuel requirements for the final product (Step 1) Firewood for non-industrial use are produced according to EN 14961-5. BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 8 NOTE The fuel specification is based on EN 14961
46、-1:2010 general part, Table 7 in the case of individually made agreements. 5.5 Process description (Steps 2, 3 and 4) Examples of the process description with the corresponding quality influencing factors and critical control points are given in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Figure 2 Example for the descri
47、ption of the production process and the distribution chain with influencing factors and Critical Control Points for firewood based on 1 metre logs EXAMPLE 1 The producer of firewood himself transports the logs wood from the nearby forest, saws and splits it into L100 pieces and bundles each to 1 m o
48、n wet basis. The producer stores it for natural seasoning on a clean and solid ground and protected against rain. After natural seasoning within 12 months the L100 splits will be sawn according to clients requirements into sizes of L20, L25, L33 or L50, sieved while loading and delivered by the prod
49、ucer or the firewood is collected by the end-user. The delivered volume is related to the wet basis and the natural seasoned volume can be estimated (Figure 2). BS EN 15234-5:2012EN 15234-5:2012 (E) 9 Figure 3 Example for the description of the production process and the distribution chain with influencing factors and Critical Control Points for firewood EXAMPLE 2 Trees are cut and delimbed partly into stems by a harvester or manually. Stems are fo
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