1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15433-3:2007Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluationICS 55.180.01g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g
2、36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 15433-3:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56272 3National forewordThis British Standard is the UK
3、 implementation of EN 15433-3:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
4、 of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-3December 2007ICS 55.180.01English Ver
5、sionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 3: Data validity check and data editingfor evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 3 : Contrle de validitdes donnes et dition des donnes pour valuationTranspo
6、rtbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 3:Datengltigkeitsberprfung und Datenaufbereitung fr dieAuswertungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate t
7、he conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in
8、 three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of
9、 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN CO
10、MMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-3:2007: EEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 2 C
11、ontents Page Foreword. 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 6 3 Identification of physical events . 6 3.1 General. 6 3.2 Identification of periodic signal components 7 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals . 7 4 Visual inspection of analogue time histories. 10 4.1 Signal clipping
12、. 10 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 11 4.3 Intermittent noise 13 4.4 Power line pickup 14 4.5 Spurious trends. 15 4.6 Signal dropouts. 17 5 Visual inspection of digital time histories 18 5.1 General. 18 5.2 Signal clipping. 18 5.3 Excessive digital noise. 19 5.4 Wild points. 19 5.5 Spurious tre
13、nds. 20 6 Visual inspection of analysed data . 20 6.1 General. 20 6.2 Probability density plots 20 6.2.1 General. 20 6.2.2 Signal clipping. 21 6.2.3 Intermittent noise 21 6.2.4 Wild points. 22 6.2.5 Power line pickup 22 6.2.6 Signal dropouts. 23 6.3 Narrow band spectral analysis 24 6.3.1 General. 24
14、 6.3.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 25 6.3.3 Power line pickup 25 7 Corrective editing of time histories. 26 7.1 General. 26 7.2 Corrections of excessive instrumentation noise. 27 7.3 Removal of intermittent noise spikes and wild points 27 7.4 Removal of spurious trends 28 7.5 Removal of temporar
15、y signal dropouts28 8 Identification of periodic components 30 8.1 General. 30 8.2 Narrow-band spectral analysis 30 8.3 Band-limited probability density analysis 31 9 Identification of stationary and non-stationary trends . 31 Bibliography . 33 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15433-
16、3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting natio
17、nal standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Re
18、gulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Ne
19、therlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part
20、 of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 Decembe
21、r 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the tr
22、ansportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally.
23、 Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data and insufficient description of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of stan
24、dardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation Part 4: Data evaluation Part 5:
25、 Derivation of test specifications Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This standard defines procedures for assessing the validity of results acquired in accordance with EN 15433-2, and for evaluati
26、ng these results. NOTE When measuring and analysing dynamic processes, quite often unnoticed or difficult to recognize disturbances or erroneous measurements occur, which impair the application of these values. These procedures are necessary in order to detect possible errors before any actual analy
27、sis occurs. Figure 1 provides an overview of the data validation and editing processes in this standard. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 6 Figure 1 Outline of data validation and editing procedures 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Identification of physical events 3.1 General A measured time signal shal
28、l be associated with the physical events that happen during a measurement. If the data are produced by a printer or plotter or with an analogue recorder, then the frequency response of these devices shall be equal to or greater than the frequency range of interest in the data. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 7
29、NOTE The first step in data validation and editing is identifying each signal at all relevant physical events associated with the measurement. Identification should preferably be achieved by inspecting the analogue or digital signals visually, either on paper copies or on the monitor. It is assumed
30、that the measured signal is of a periodic, random or transient nature see Figure 2 a) and b). In practice, these signals are most commonly of a combined nature see Figure 2c). a) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 2 Periodic (a), random (b), and mixed signals (c) 3.
31、2 Identification of periodic signal components Periodic components in measured signals shall be identified, e.g. by visual inspection of paper recordings, in order to treat them correctly during the analysis. 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals Transient or non-stationary physical events shal
32、l be identified by measured time signals (see Figure 3), in order to separate them at a later time, and to perform a separate analysis. NOTE 1 Transient signals are broadly defined as those that have a definite beginning and end see Figure 3a). EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 8 a) YXb) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axi
33、s Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 3 Transient (a) and non-stationary random signal (b) NOTE 2 Non-stationary occurrences are due to long-lasting events with continuous varying characteristics. Figure 4 shows the main transients and superimposed occurrences during a road transport. The identification
34、 of transients and non-stationary events is not only needed to assist the data validation, but is essential also for the selection of appropriate analysis procedures. Based upon physical considerations, situations may arise where a measured time history reveals an apparent non-stationary trend, whic
35、h is not anticipated. This trend can be wrong. On the other hand, it might be indicative of an unexpected time-varying property of the measured phenomenon, in which case the presence of a trend could have important physical implications. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 9 YX0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,
36、0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0-15,0-10,0-5,00,05,010,015,01234Key 1 Deceleration 2 Branching off; changing road surface condition 3 Acceleration 4 Pothole Figure 4 Identification of physical events in a measured signal EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 10 4 Visual inspection of analogue time histories 4.1 Signal clip
37、ping Measured time signals of a periodic, random or transient nature shall be checked for signal clipping (see Figure 5). If signal clipping is detected during data acquisition, then the recorded data are useless. No attempt shall be made to introduce non-linear corrections to signals that have been
38、 clipped. NOTE 1 One of the most common errors in data acquisition is too high a setting of the sensitivity of any one of the data acquisition instruments. The result is signal limitation or signal clipping. An insufficient (high) sensitivity setting can also result in signal limitation, because the
39、 signal disappears within the noise. Such problems are easily corrected, but the corrections shall be performed immediately after the first measurements, and checks shall be repeated. Contrary to the two-sided clipping shown in Figure 5, a clipping can appear one-sided as well. Low-pass filtering of
40、 clipped signals obscures the results shown in Figure 5. After a filtering operation, it is difficult to detect a limited signal. Signal saturation in certain instruments of the measuring chain may also produce more complicated results than the ideal amplitude limiting shown in Figure 5, and shall t
41、herefore not be used. Specifically, there may be a zero shift in the signal level followed by a slow recovery, which appears as a time-varying trend in the mean value of the signal. The probability density analysis of a signal (in particular, a stationary random signal), provides a powerful tool to
42、detect clipping. As Figure 5c) shows, the detection of signal clipping by visual inspection is most difficult for a transient signal, particularly if it is a single pulse transient. To assist the detection of possible clipping in transient signals, it is recommended that the peak output voltage of e
43、ach instrument within the measuring chain be determined and compared to the peak voltage represented by the measured transient. If the peak voltage of the signal is equal to or greater than 95 % of the peak voltage of the instrumentation, this suggests that clipping might have occurred. EN 15433-3:2
44、007 (E) 11 a) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 5 Clipped periodic (a), random (b), and transient signals (c) In the case of random signals, it is recommended that a measurement be rejected if the clipping occurs within 1,5 standard deviations of the mean value of
45、the clipped signal. If a measurement cannot be repeated, then extrapolation of singular events, e.g. drop test of a container may be performed, should the physical causes leading to the exceeding of the measuring range and the boundary conditions be known, thereby permitting a reconstruction of the
46、event. NOTE 2 For periodic and transient signals, clipping may dramatically reduce the indicated peak amplitude of the signal. Clipping also erroneously increases the high frequency content of the signal. 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise Excessive noise introduced by external loads shall be detec
47、ted and corrected during the system calibration. To detect excessive instrumentation noise, the output signal from the data acquisition system shall be measured prior to and after the dynamic activity of interest. Acquiring the output signal shall be performed using the same sensitivity setting as f
48、or the measurements. The influence of excessive instrumentation noise on the measured time histories of periodic, random and transient data signals is shown in Figure 6. EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 12 Using telemetering systems with voltage-controlled oscillators and multiplexers, it is recommended that the
49、 noise floor of the system be measured and analysed to identify potential noise problems prior to the data acquisition. NOTE 1 Too low a sensitivity leads to an inadequate signal-to-noise ratio. Excluded are those cases where the system is vulnerable to noise induced by external loads (triboelectric noise); here instrumentation noise can be assumed to be an additive and statistically independent of the signal. Instrumentation noise is usually obvious in transient signal measurements as well, since the noise is present before and after the tr
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