1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15433-4:2007Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads Part 4: Data evaluationICS 55.180.01g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3
2、g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 15433-4:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 56265 5National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15433-4:2007.T
3、he UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsibl
4、e for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15433-4December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measureme
5、nt and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesmcaniques dynamiques - Partie 4: Evaluation desdonnesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4:DatenauswertungThis European Sta
6、ndard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning
7、such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own languag
8、e and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembo
9、urg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of
10、 exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-4:2007: EEN 15433-4:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references . 9 3 Measured signals 9 3.1 Instantaneous values 9 3.2 Average values 9 3.2.1 General. 9 3
11、.2.2 Instruments and software 10 3.2.3 Types of averaging . 10 3.2.4 Averaging time and sampling errors 10 3.3 Synchronous averaging . 11 3.3.1 General. 11 3.3.2 Instruments and software 12 3.3.3 Triggering procedures 12 3.3.4 Signal-to-noise enhancement 12 3.4 Filtered signals 13 3.4.1 General. 13
12、3.4.2 Analogue filtering 13 3.4.3 Digital filtering . 14 4 Data classification. 14 4.1 General. 14 4.2 Time dependence 14 4.2.1 General. 14 4.2.2 Stationary or steady-state data . 14 4.2.3 Non-stationary data 15 4.2.4 Transient data 16 4.2.5 Physical considerations. 16 4.3 Randomness 17 4.3.1 Genera
13、l. 17 4.3.2 Identification of periodic components 17 4.3.3 Separation of random and periodic components 17 4.4 Normality 18 4.4.1 General. 18 4.4.2 Test for normality 18 4.4.3 Spurious deviations from normality . 18 5 Single channel spectral analysis/periodic and random data . 18 5.1 FFT algorithms
14、19 5.1.1 General. 19 5.1.2 Number of data values 19 5.1.3 Redundant components. 19 5.1.4 Leakage and tapering . 20 5.1.5 Spectral bandwidth. 21 5.2 Periodic data 22 5.2.1 General. 22 5.2.2 Instruments and software 22 5.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 23 5.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 23 5.2.5 Frequency reso
15、lution 23 5.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 23 5.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 25 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 3 5.2.8 Plotting. 25 5.3 Stationary random data 25 5.3.1 General. 25 5.3.2 Instruments and software 27 5.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 27 5.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 27 5.3.5 Frequency resolution
16、 27 5.3.6 Resolution error corrections . 29 5.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 29 5.3.8 Overlapped processing 30 5.3.9 Zoom transforms. 31 5.3.10 Plotting. 31 5.4 Non-stationary data 31 5.4.1 General. 31 5.4.2 Random signals 31 5.4.3 Time codes 32 5.5 Proportional bandwidth spectra 33 5.5.1 General.
17、 33 5.5.2 1/3-octave band spectra . 33 5.5.3 Other proportional bandwidth spectra . 33 6 Single channel spectral analysis/transient data 33 6.1 General. 33 6.2 Fourier spectra 34 6.2.1 General. 34 6.2.2 Instruments and software 34 6.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 34 6.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 34 6.2.5
18、Frequency resolution 35 6.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 35 6.2.7 Statistical sampling errors. 36 6.2.8 Plotting. 36 6.3 Energy spectra 36 6.3.1 General. 36 6.3.2 Instruments and software 37 6.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 37 6.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 37 6.3.5 Frequency resolution 37 6.3.6 Resolu
19、tion error corrections . 37 6.3.7 Statistical sampling errors. 37 6.3.8 Plotting. 37 6.4 Shock response spectra (SRS) 37 6.4.1 General. 37 6.4.2 Interpretation of SRS results . 40 6.4.3 Presentation of SRS results. 40 6.4.4 Instruments and software 41 6.4.5 Anti-aliasing filters 41 6.4.6 Sampling ra
20、te 41 6.4.7 Truncation error 41 6.4.8 Initial conditions 41 6.4.9 Frequency resolution 41 6.4.10 Resolution error corrections . 41 6.4.11 Statistical sampling errors. 42 6.4.12 Plotting. 42 6.4.13 Other SRS computations 42 7 Dual channel analysis. 43 7.1 General. 43 7.2 Cross-spectra 43 7.2.1 Genera
21、l. 43 7.2.2 Instruments and software 44 7.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters 44 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 4 7.2.4 Leakage and tapering . 44 7.2.5 Frequency resolution 45 7.2.6 Resolution error corrections . 45 7.2.7 Time delay bias error 45 7.2.8 Multiple path (reverberation) bias error 46 7.2.9 Statistical sampli
22、ng errors. 46 7.2.10 Overlapped processing 47 7.2.11 Zoom transforms. 47 7.2.12 Plotting. 47 7.3 Coherence 47 7.3.1 General. 47 7.3.2 Instruments and software 48 7.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters 48 7.3.4 Leakage and tapering . 48 7.3.5 Frequency resolution 48 7.3.6 Time delay bias errors 48 7.3.7 Multipl
23、e path (reverberation) errors 49 7.3.8 Statistical sampling errors. 49 7.3.9 Overlapped processing 50 7.3.10 Zoom transforms. 50 7.3.11 Plotting. 50 7.4 Frequency response. 50 7.4.1 General. 50 7.4.2 Instruments and software 51 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing filters 51 7.4.4 Leakage and tapering . 51 7.4.5 Fre
24、quency resolution 51 7.4.6 Statistical sampling errors. 51 7.4.7 Overlapped processing 52 7.4.8 Zoom transforms. 52 7.4.9 Plotting. 52 7.5 Cross-correlation 52 7.5.1 General. 52 7.5.2 Instruments and software 53 7.5.3 Anti-aliasing filters 53 7.5.4 Leakage and tapering . 53 7.5.5 Time resolution . 5
25、3 7.5.6 Time delay bias error 53 7.5.7 Statistical sampling errors. 54 7.5.8 Overlapped processing 54 7.5.9 Plotting. 54 7.6 Correlation coefficient 54 7.7 Unit impulse response 55 8 Other analysis . 55 8.1 General. 55 8.2 Probability density 55 8.2.1 General. 55 8.2.2 Instantaneous probability dens
26、ity. 55 8.2.3 Peak probability density. 56 Bibliography . 59 EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 15433-4:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national stand
27、ard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN a
28、nd/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Repub
29、lic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This standard was
30、 originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes sig
31、nificant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the ex
32、pected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the m
33、agnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data, insufficient description of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This s
34、tandard will enable the measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements, Part 2: Data acquisition and gen
35、eral requirements for measuring equipment; Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation; Part 4: Data evaluation; Part 5: Derivation of Test Specifications; Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. EN 15433-4:2007 (E)
36、7 1 Scope This standard presents guidelines for the instruments, procedures and parameters, used to analyse dynamic data. It is assumed that the person performing the analyses has the use of appropriate digital FFT signal processors or FFT computers. These guidelines are also applicable for other ty
37、pes of signal processing procedures, as long as the analysing parameters are equivalent. Such other procedures contain correlation algorithms e.g. Blackman-Tuckey), digital band pass filter algorithms or heterodyne techniques. An outline of the data analysis procedures covered in this section is pre
38、sented in Figure 1. EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 8 3) Measured signals3.1) Instantaneous values3.2) Average values3.3) Synchronous averages3.4) Filtered signals4) Data classification4.2) Time dependence4.3) Randomness4.4) Normality7) Dual channel analysis7.2) Cross-spectra7.3) Coherence7.4) Frequency respons
39、e7.5) Cross-correlation7.6) Correlation coefficient7.7) Unit impulse response5) Single channel spectral analysis5) Periodic and random data5.1) FFT algorithms5.2) Periodic data (inner spectra)5.3) Stationary random data (Auto or power spectra)5.4) Non-stationary data6) Transient data6.2) Fourier spe
40、ctra6.3) Energy spectra6.4) Shock response spectra8) Other analyses8.2) Probability density5.5) Proportional bandwidth (1/3 octave bandwidth)Figure 1 Outline of data analysis EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 9 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
41、 document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. 3 Measured signals NOTE The signal analysis procedures discussed in Clause 3 are in addition to the evaluations d
42、escribed in EN 15433-3 for the purpose of data validity checking and data editing for evaluation. 3.1 Instantaneous values Beyond the purpose of data validation and editing, certain applications may require an evaluation of instantaneous signal values. In particular, the general design of structures
43、 for low frequency loads is commonly based upon maximum value estimates made from signal time histories. 3.2 Average values 3.2.1 General The most common average values measured in stationary signals are the mean value xand the standard deviation x(or the rms value x). Estimates of the mean value an
44、d standard deviation of a signal x(t), where 0 t T, may be computed with the aid of the following algorithms: a) Mean value: x=1Tx ( t )dt =1N0Tx ( nt )n=1N(1) b) RMS value: x=1Tx2( t )dt0T 1/2=1Nx2( nt )n=1N 1/2(2) EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 10 c) Standard deviation: x=1Tx ( t ) x2d t0T 1/2=1(N 1)x ( nt )
45、 x2n=1N 1/2(3) where T is the linear averaging time for analogue signals; N is the number of data values for digital signals (T = Nt); () denotes “estimate of“. NOTE For most high-frequency dynamic measurements, the transducer does not sense the static or DC component of the signal, whereas for most
46、 low frequency measurements (below 50 Hz), the DC component is included. Without the DC component, the mean value of the signal is zero and the RMS value computation of equation (2) will yield the standard deviation. 3.2.2 Instruments and software The averaging time constant is a key parameter in es
47、tablishing the accuracy of average value estimates for random signals. The operations in equations (1) to (3) are easily accomplished on a digital computer with simple software programs. NOTE Both analogue and digital DC voltmeters essentially compute the mean value of a signal, while true RMS voltm
48、eters (not to be confused with AC voltmeters) compute an approximation of the RMS value of a signal. Most analogue and digital voltmeters compute a continuous exponential weighted (RC) average, rather than a single linear average. 3.2.3 Types of averaging Various methods are common for computing ave
49、rage values. The procedures and parameters used to perform the computation should be detailed. In the case of stationary or steady state signals (where the average value of interest does not change much over the duration of the measurement), a linear average over the entire measurement is recommended. In the case of non-stationary signals (where the average value of interest is changing considerably over the measurement duration), an exponential weighted average
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