1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15590:2011Solid recovered fuels Determination of the currentrate of aerobic microbialactivity using the real dynamicrespiration indexBS EN 15590:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNation
2、al forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15590:2011. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 15590:2007 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on
3、request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 69390 8ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British S
4、tandard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15590:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15590 September 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15590:2007Englis
5、h Version Solid recovered fuels - Determination of the current rate of aerobic microbial activity using the real dynamic respiration index Combustibles solides de rcupration - Dtermination du taux dactivit microbienne utilisant lindice de respiration dynamique Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung d
6、es aktuellen Grades aerober mikrobieller Aktivitt mittels des realen dynamischen Respirationsindexes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 July 2011. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
7、the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, Fr
8、ench, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgari
9、a, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ST
10、ANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15590:2011: EBS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 2
11、Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 65 Principle 66 Apparatus .67 Procedure .77.1 Step 1 Procedure sample preparation (if required). 77.2 Step 2 Instrumentation calibration87.3 Step 3 Loading the reactor 87.4 S
12、tep 4 Analysis set up 88 Calculation of the RDRI results 89 Storage and labelling samples .910 Test reports 9Annex A (informative) RDRI trend 11Annex B (normative) RDRI interpretation 12Annex C (informative) Results of the inter-laboratory test 13C.1 Introduction . 13C.2 Laboratory analysis 13C.3 St
13、atistical analysis 13Bibliography . 16BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15590:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standa
14、rd, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN
15、and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15590:2007. The following changes have been introduced: title and scope change; potential microbial self-heating is revised by current rate of aerobic microbial activity; resul
16、ts of inter-laboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex C. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
17、 Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 4 Introduction This document sp
18、ecifies the method used for the determining the current rate of aerobic microbial activity of SRF using the real dynamic respirator index. The current rate of aerobic microbial activity measures the biological stability under the actual chemical and physical properties of the SRF. The biological sta
19、bility determines the extent to which readily biodegradable organic matter has decomposed. Therefore, the RDRI identifies the actual point reached in the decomposition process and represents a gradation on a recognised scale of values. BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standa
20、rd specifies a method to determine the current rate of aerobic microbial activity of a solid recovered fuel. The methods indirectly estimate the potentiality of odours production, vectors attraction etc. The current rate of biodegradation can be expressed in milligrams O2kg-1dm h-1. WARNING SRF can
21、contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Take appropriate precautions when handling them and those whose properties are unknown. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. Fo
22、r undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the
23、purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 easily biodegrable organic compounds organic substances available for decomposition by micro-organisms within a real dynamic respiration test 3.2 hourly real dynamic respiration index value of re
24、spiration index calculated every hour 3.3 lag or latency phase interval of time required for the microbial flora to acclimatize during the course of the real dynamic respirometric test 3.4 mean particle size aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid reco
25、vered fuels through which at least 50% by mass of the material passes 3.5 respiration index rate of oxygen uptake expressed as milligram oxygen per kilogram total dry matter (dm) per hour 3.6 real dynamic respiration test test measuring the respiration index under specific conditions including force
26、d air flow 3.7 real dynamic respiration index RDRI average value of the respiration indexes representing 24 h showing the highest aerobic microbial activity NOTE See Figure A.1. BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 6 4 Symbols and abbreviations This European Standard uses the following symbols and abbr
27、eviations: RDRI Real Dynamic Respiration Index RDRIhhourly Real Dynamic Respiration Index dmdry matter in kg 5 Principle The method for determining the current rate of aerobic microbial activity specified in this European Standard is based on measuring the oxygen uptake rate by micro-organisms to bi
28、odegrade easily degradable organic matter of the sample itself under defined continuous airflow and adiabatic conditions. The test involves keeping the sample under observation in the respirometer (dynamic test system) for 1 day to 4 days according to the duration of the lag phase (if present), taki
29、ng the index value at hourly intervals (RDRIh) (Clause 8). Moreover, if at the end of the fourth day, the RDRI trend is constant or growing, the respirometric test is prolonged with the acquisition of at least others 24 values (RDRIh) (see Figure A.1). 6 Apparatus The apparatus consists of: 6.1 Dess
30、icator. 6.2 Continuous flow aerobic respirometer, composed of (see Figure 1): hermetically sealed adiabatic reactor with the minimum operating volume expressed in litres, equal to or less than the average sample size expressed in millimeters and not greater than 30 mm (for example, for a sample of a
31、verage size less than 10 mm, the reactor volume is 10 l); the reactor structure must force the input air to cross the entire sample before leaving the reactor, avoiding mixing the of input air and exhaust air; reactor air-tightness verification system; aeration system provided with flow regulator an
32、d capacity gauge; system for sampling oxygen concentration in exhaust air (% v/v); system of data acquisition continuously memorizing the measured parameters at 1 h intervals; the data memorized must be the average of all values read (at least 60) during the interval considered. BS EN 15590:2011EN 1
33、5590:2011 (E) 7 Key 1 air flow 2 air pump and probe for measuring of the temperature of the air inlet 3 flow adjustment and flow meter (0-200 l h-1) 4 probe for measuring of the temperature of the SRF 5 oxygen analyser and control and evaluation equipment l1thickness of the external walls of the rea
34、ctor1)(70 mm 5 mm) l2internal diameter of reactor l3internal height of reactor l3/l21,344 0,002 1) An insulating materials shall be employed (i.e Polypropylene). Figure 1 Diagram of the continuous flow aerobic respirometer 7 Procedure 7.1 Step 1 Procedure sample preparation (if required). The size r
35、eduction procedure shall be done following EN 15443. BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 8 7.2 Step 2 Instrumentation calibration Step 2 consists of the following procedures: Calibrate the oxygen probe in air as described in the instruction manual; Check if the reactor closes properly avoiding air los
36、ses. 7.3 Step 3 Loading the reactor Step 3 consists of the following procedure: Introduce a known weight of untreated sample filling the reactor completely (the exact amount depends by the reactor size (see Clause 6), avoiding formation of aggregates or compacting the SRF. 7.4 Step 4 Analysis set up
37、 Step 4 consists of the following procedures: Set up the data acquisition system and measure the parameters (O2and volume of air) for at least 4 days. Whatever the RDRI trend is at the end of the fourth day, whether it be constant or growing, continue the acquisition until at least 24 values have be
38、en recorded (RDRIh) (see Figure A.1). Set up an initial flow of air and if necessary, adjust the flow during the analysis to guarantee that values of oxygen concentration in the exhaust air are within the 14 % v/v to 16 % v/v interval. 8 Calculation of the RDRI results The measure of the volume of o
39、xygen consumed by aerobic biological activity is deduced from the difference in oxygen concentration between the air input into the respirometer and the air output from it (Equation (1), and calculated as the average of the hourly Real Respirometric Indices (RDRIh) in the 24 h during which the micro
40、bial respiration is highest (Equation (2). The final value of the RDRI will therefore be calculated by using the following procedure: identify the maximum RDRIhvalue (Equation (1) reached during the course of the test; identify the next 23 highest consecutive RDRIhvalues below the maximum RDRIh; cal
41、culate the average of the 24 RDRIhvalues identified (See Equation (2) and Figure A.1). ()mg2o2ih98.31dVOOQRDRI=(1) 24241h=hRDRIRDRIfor tc, (2) where RDRIh is the Hourly Real Dynamic Respiration Index (calculated every h); RDRIhis expressed as mg O2kg-1 dm h-1; Q is the air flow in l h-1; BS EN 15590
42、:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 9 (O2i O2o) is the difference between the concentration of the oxygen of the air in input (O2i) and the concentration of the oxygen in the air output (O2o) from the respirometer in ml l-1; Vg is the volume occupied by a mole of gas in l, where 121,g2,gTTVV =(3) where Vg,1is th
43、e gas volume in standard conditions for temperature and pressure which are 273,15 K and P is 1 atm; Vg,1is equal to 22,4 l mol-1; T1is the temperature in standard conditions; T1 is equal to 273,15 K; T2 is the temperature of the air in input to the respirometer in K; 31.98 is the molecular weight of
44、 oxygen molecule (O2) in g mol-1; dm is the mass of dry matter, in kg, where 100srdm,mmwd=where rdm,w is the mass fraction of dry matter, in percent; sm is the sample mass, in kg; tcis the time period (24 h) in h during which the highest consecutive values of RDRIhare recorded (see Figure A.1 phase
45、C). Current rate of aerobic microbial activity is expressed as RDRI (see Annex B). The precision of the RDRI is reported in Annex C. 9 Storage and labelling samples Samples shall be stored in tightly-closed containers at 4C for not more than 7 days before the analysis. Each sample shall be labelled
46、with a unique identification containing the identification of the sample from which it was obtained. 10 Test reports The test report shall include at least the following information: a) reference to this Standard, EN 15590; b) all necessary information for the identification of the test compound; c)
47、 all the measured and calculated data (for example in tabular form) obtained as well as the degradation curve; BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 10 d) receipt date of the laboratory sample and the beginning and end dates of the test; e) complete identification of the laboratory sample; f) storage co
48、nditions; g) identification of the test equipment and instruments used; h) RDRI from the calculations as milligrams of oxygen for kilograms of SRF dry matter for hour (mg O2kg-1dm h-1); i) the reasons, in the event of rejection of the test; j) any alteration of the standard procedure or any other ci
49、rcumstance that may have affected the results; k) any deviation from the test method and the reason for this deviation together with all circumstances that have influenced the results. BS EN 15590:2011EN 15590:2011 (E) 11 Annex A (informative) RDRI trend The typical trend of a Real Dynamic Respiration Index graph (see Figure A.1) is characterized by an initial lag or latency phase (see Figure A.1 phase A), which when present can continue for several da
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