1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16028:2012Railway applications Wheel/rail friction management Lubricants for trainborne andtrackside applicationsBS EN 16028:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis Brit
2、ish Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16028:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RAE/3/-/6, Railway Applications - Flange lubrication.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication do
3、es not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 59484 7ICS 45.040; 75.100Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity froml
4、egal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16028:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16028 July 2012 ICS 45.040; 75.100 English
5、Version Railway applications - Wheel/rail friction management - Lubricants for trainborne and trackside applications Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements roue/rail - Lubrifiants pour les applications embarques et fixes de voie Bahnanwendungen - Spurkranzschmierung - Prfung der Schmier
6、stoffe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 June 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
7、references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of
8、a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace
9、donia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUR
10、OPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16028:2012: EBS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 4Introduction 51 Scope
11、62 Normative references . 63 Terms and definitions . 94 Legislative compliance . 105 Approval procedure 106 Control and monitoring of product . 116.1 Manufacturing process. 116.2 Type tests 126.3 Routine tests . 127 Technical datasheet 128 Tests . 128.1 Explanation of Annex A: Tables A.1 to A.4 128.
12、2 Key to Annex A table columns Type, Routine and Datasheet 138.3 Key to Annex A table column Use 139 Packaging, labelling and storage 13Annex A (normative) Requirements for lubricants and testing . 15Annex B (normative) Water wash-off test 27B.1 Purpose 27B.2 Short description 27B.3 Conditions for t
13、esting . 27B.4 Test process 27Annex C (informative) Corrosion test on steel 30C.1 Purpose 30C.2 Short description 30C.3 Conditions for testing . 30C.4 Test process 31Annex D (informative) Behaviour at an elevated temperature Adhesion on steel sheet . 32D.1 Purpose 32D.2 Short description 32D.3 Condi
14、tions for test 32D.4 Test process 32Annex E (informative) Determination of the volatile constituents in greases 34E.1 Purpose 34E.2 Short description 34E.3 Conditions for testing . 34E.4 Test process 35E.5 Recording of test results 35Annex F (informative) Peak forming and droop 36F.1 Purpose 36F.2 S
15、hort description 36F.3 Conditions for testing . 36F.4 Test process 36BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 3 Annex G (informative) Low-temperature torque (rheometer measurement at -20 C and -30 C) 39G.1 Purpose 39G.2 Short description 39G.3 Conditions for test 39G.4 Test process 40Annex H (informative)
16、Miscibility with flange/rail lubricants in use greases 43H.1 Purpose 43H.2 Short description 43H.3 Conditions for testing . 43H.4 Test process 44Annex I (informative) Miscibility with flange/rail lubricants in use oils . 45I.1 Purpose 45I.2 Short description 45I.3 Conditions for testing . 45I.4 Test
17、 process 46Annex J (informative) Determination of low temperature cone penetration of greases . 47J.1 Purpose 47J.2 Short description 47J.3 Conditions for test 47J.4 Test process 47Annex K (informative) Functional test on specific equipment . 49K.1 General . 49K.2 Flowing behaviour of wheel-flange g
18、reases 49K.3 Test of spraying of oils at various temperatures . 51Annex L (informative) Solid stick testing on twin-disc machine . 55L.1 Purpose 55L.2 Short description 55L.3 Conditions for test 55L.4 Test process 58L.5 Test results 58Annex M (informative) Lubricant product performance - Field asses
19、sment 60M.1 General . 60M.2 Product performance assessment 60Bibliography . 61BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16028:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall b
20、e given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this documen
21、t may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN/CENELEC Interna
22、l Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irel
23、and, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Friction management using solid or fluid (oil, grease, etc.) substances at
24、 the wheel-rail interface is a complex subject and includes the following aspects: lubrication of the wheel flange/rail gauge corner (active interface), commonly referred to as “flange or rail lubrication”; friction modification of the top of rail/wheel tread interface, commonly referred to as “top
25、of rail friction management”. This European Standard sets out requirements for the lubricant for flange or rail lubrication. It specifies requirements for the lubricant, how to test it and how to approve it. Lubricants should be tested to confirm there is: compatibility with lubricating systems; no
26、intolerable increased risk of fire; no harmful environmental effects; no incompatibility between the different lubricants in use, particularly between solid and fluid systems; satisfactory and consistent product quality and performance. The main purpose of the lubricant is to reduce friction and wea
27、r, and keep them at an acceptable level. The content is based on current experience and should not exclude developments that can be later incorporated at reissue. BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements of lubricants intended for lubrication of t
28、he wheel-rail interface between the wheel flange and the rail gauge corner (active interface) applied either directly or indirectly to the wheel flange or to the rail to achieve an acceptable level of friction and wear. It covers the approval procedure, the method of testing and routine control/moni
29、toring of the lubricant. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced docu
30、ment (including any amendments) applies. EN 10130, Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming Technical delivery conditions EN 15427, Railway appllications Wheel/rail friction management Flange lubrication EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite Determination of indentation hardness by mea
31、ns of a durometer (Shore hardness) (ISO 868) EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pyknometer method and titration method (ISO 1183-1) EN ISO 2160, Petroleum products Corrosiveness to copper Copper strip test (ISO 2160)
32、EN ISO 2592, Petroleum products Determination of flash and fire points Cleveland open cup method (ISO 2592) EN ISO 3104, Petroleum products Transparent and opaque liquids Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104) EN ISO 3146, Plastics Determination of melti
33、ng behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods (ISO 3146) EN ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products Laboratory determination of density Hydrometer method (ISO 3675) EN ISO 4589-1, Plastics Determin
34、ation of burning behaviour by oxygen index Part 1: Guidance (ISO 4589-1) EN ISO 4589-2, Plastics Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index Ambient temperature test (ISO 4589-2) EN ISO 5659-1, Plastics Smoke generation Part 1: Guidance on optical-density testing (ISO 5659-1) EN ISO 5659-2, P
35、lastics Smoke generation Determination of optical density by a single-chamber test (ISO 5659-2) ISO/TR 5659-3, Plastics Smoke generation Part 3: Determination of optical density by a dynamic-flow method EN ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products Determination of density Oscillating U-tube
36、method (ISO 12185) BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 7 EN ISO 20623, Petroleum and its products Determination of the extreme-pressure and anti-wear properties of fluids Four ball method (European conditions) (ISO 20623) ISO 760, Determination of water Karl Fischer method (General method) ISO 2049, P
37、etroleum products Determination of colour (ASTM scale) ISO 2137, Petroleum products and lubricants Determination of cone penetration of lubricating greases and petrolatum ISO 2176, Petroleum products Lubricating grease Determination of dropping point ISO 3016, Petroleum products Determination of pou
38、r point ISO 3733, Petroleum products and bituminous materials Determination of water Distillation method ISO 6072,Rubber Compatibility between hydraulic fluids and standard elastomeric materials ISO 6743-99, Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) Classification Part 99: General I
39、SO 7120, Petroleum products and lubricants Petroleum oils and other fluids Determination of rust-preventing characteristics in the presence of water ISO 9772, Cellular plastics Determination of horizontal burning characteristics of small specimens subjected to a small flame ISO 11007, Petroleum prod
40、ucts and lubricants Determination of rust-prevention characteristics of lubricating greases DIN 51350-4, Testing of lubricants Testing by the Shell four-ball tester Determination of welding load of consistent lubricants DIN 51350-5, Testing of lubricants Testing by the Shell four-ball tester Determi
41、nation of wear data for consistent lubricants DIN 51398, Testing of lubricants Procedure for measurement of low temperature apparent viscosity by means of the Brookfield viscometer (liquid bath method) DIN 51418-1, X-ray spectrometry X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) Part 1: Defi
42、nitions and principles DIN 51418-2, X-ray spectrometry X-ray emissions and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) Part 2: Definitions and basic principles for measurements, calibration and evaluation of results DIN 51451, Testing of petroleum products and related products Analysis by infrared spectrometr
43、y General working principles DIN 51631, Mineral spirits Special boiling point spirits Requirements DIN 51777-2, Testing of mineral oil-hydrocarbons and solvents Determination of the water content according to Karl Fischer (indirect method) DIN 51805, Testing of lubricants Determination of flow press
44、ure of lubricating greases Kesternich method DIN 51807-1, Testing of lubricants Test of the behaviour of lubricating greases in the presence of water Static test BS EN 16028:2012EN 16028:2012 (E) 8 DIN 51810-1, Testing of lubricants Determination of shear viscosity of lubricating greases by the rota
45、tional viscosimeter Part 1: System of cone / plate DIN 51811, Testing of lubricants Testing of corrosiveness to copper of greases Copper strip tarnish test DIN 51817, Testing of lubricants Determination of oil separation from greases under static conditions DIN 51820-1, Testing of lubricants Analysi
46、s of greases by infrared spectrometry Taking and evaluating an infrared spectrum ASTM D1831, Standard Test Method for Roll Stability of Lubricating Grease ASTM D4049, Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Lubricating Grease to Water Spray IP 396, Determination of dropping point of l
47、ubricating grease Automatic apparatus method OECD 301 suite OECD Document Equivalent Standard 301a EN ISO 7827, Water quality Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds Method by analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (ISO 7827) 301b EN ISO 9439
48、, Water quality Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium Carbon dioxide evolution test (ISO 9439) 301c Nil 301d EN ISO 10707, Water quality Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds Method by analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (closed bottle test) (ISO 10707) 301e EN ISO 7827, Water quality Evaluation in an aqueo
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