1、BS EN 16640:2017Bio-based products Bio-based carbon content Determination of the bio-based carbon content using theradiocarbon methodBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16640:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK impl
2、ementation of EN 16640:2017. It supersedes PD CEN/TS 16640:2014 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MI/2, Bio-based products.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication
3、does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 90931 3 ICS 13.020.55; 71.040.40; 83.040.01 Compliance with a British Standard canno
4、t confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16640:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM
5、 EN 16640 February 2017 ICS 13.020.55; 71.040.40; 83.040.01 Supersedes CEN/TS 16640:2014English Version Bio-based products - Bio-based carbon content - Determination of the bio-based carbon content using the radiocarbon method Produits biosourcs - Teneur en carbone biosourc - Dtermination de la tene
6、ur en carbone biosourc par la mthode au radiocarbone Biobasierte Produkte - Gehalt an biobasiertem Kohlenstoff - Bestimmung des Gehalts an biobasiertem Kohlenstoff mittels Radiokarbonmethode This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 December 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/C
7、ENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centr
8、e or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the
9、official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherla
10、nds, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN Al
11、l rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16640:2017 EBS EN 16640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Symbols and abbreviations
12、 . 7 5 Principle . 8 Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of the methods 8 6 Determination of the 14C content . 9 6.1 General 9 6.2 Principle . 9 6.3 Sampling . 9 6.4 Procedure for the conversion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable sample for 14C determination . 9 6.5 Measurements 9 7
13、Calculation of the bio-based carbon content 10 7.1 General . 10 7.2 Reference value for 100 % bio-based carbon 10 Table 2 Typical values for biomass fractions 11 7.3 Calculation method 11 7.3.1 Calculation of the bio-based carbon content by dry mass xB11 7.3.2 Calculation of the bio-based carbon con
14、tent xTCBas a fraction of TC . 12 7.3.3 Examples . 12 7.3.4 Examples of calculations xTCB. 13 8 Performance characteristics 13 9 Test report 13 Annex A (informative) Procedures for sampling of products . 15 A.1 General . 15 Table A.1. Sampling procedures 15 Annex B (normative) Procedure for the conv
15、ersion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable sample for 14C determination . 16 B.1 General . 16 B.2 Sample preparation . 16 Table B.1 Sample preparations . 16 B.3 Preparation for 14C measurement 16 B.3.1 General . 16 B.3.2 Reagents and materials 17 B.4 Combustion of the sample . 17 BS EN
16、 16640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 3 B.4.1 Combustion of the sample in a calorimetric bomb . 17 B.4.2 Combustion of the sample in a tube furnace or a combustion apparatus 18 B.4.3 Direct LSC measurement on the product . 19 B.5 Standardization of LSC and BI measurement results 19 B.6 Standardization of AMS
17、 measurement results . 20 B.7 Symbols and abbreviations . 20 Annex C (normative) Method A - Liquid scintillation-counter method (LSC) 21 C.1 General . 21 C.2 Principle . 21 C.3 Reagents and materials 21 C.4 Apparatus 21 C.5 Procedure 22 C.5.1 General . 22 C.5.2 Benzene conversion . 22 C.5.3 Direct a
18、bsorption of the CO2in a carbamate solution . 22 C.5.4 Measurement . 22 C.5.5 Blank correction . 23 C.6 Calculation of the results . 23 Annex D (informative) Method C - Beta-ionization (BI) 24 D.1 General . 24 D.2 Principle . 24 D.3 Reagents and materials 24 D.4 Apparatus 25 D.5 Procedure 25 D.6 Cal
19、culation of the results . 26 Annex E (normative) Method B - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) . 27 E.1 General . 27 E.2 Principle . 27 E.3 Reagents and materials 27 E.4 Apparatus 27 E.5 Procedure 28 E.6 Calculation of the results . 29 Annex F (informative) Performance characteristics 30 Table F.1
20、description of sample types 30 Table F.2 Performance data for 14C methods . 31 Bibliography . 32 BS EN 16640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 16640:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This
21、 European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
22、elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 16640:2014. This document has been prepared under Mandate M/492 “Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for the developm
23、ent of horizontal European Standards and other standardization deliverables for bio-based products”. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
24、Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey an
25、d the United Kingdom. BS EN 16640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 5 Introduction Bio-based products from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper, board and various chemicals and materials. The last decades have seen the emergence of new bio-based products in the market. Some
26、 of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products benefits in relation to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also provide additional product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the development of knowledge and
27、 technologies allowing new transformation processes and product development. Acknowledging the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission issued Mandate M/4921), resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on bio-based products other than f
28、ood, feed and biomass for energy applications. The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products” provide a common basis on the following aspects: Common terminology; Bio-based content determination; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Sustainability aspects; Declaration tools. It is important to understand
29、what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The term bio-based means derived from biomass. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood and wood products, paper solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, etc.) are products which are wholly or partly derive
30、d from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass contained in the product by, for instance, its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content. The bio-based content of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or sustainability, which may be assessed thr
31、ough LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent and unambiguous communication within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized framework for certification and declaration. This European Standard has been developed with the aim to specify the method for the determination of
32、 bio-based carbon content in bio-based products using the 14C method. This method using the 14C method is based on the analytical test methods used for the determination of the age of objects containing carbon. This European Standard provides the reference test methods for laboratories, producers, s
33、uppliers and purchasers of bio-based product materials and products. It may be also useful for authorities and inspection organizations. Part of the research leading to this document has been performed under the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (see http:/www.biobasedeconomy.eu/research/kb
34、bpps/).This document is based on EN 15440 1 prepared by CEN/TC 343, “Solid recovered fuels”, EN ISO 13833 2, prepared by ISO/TC 146 “Air quality” and CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, and CEN/TS 16137 3, prepared by CEN/TC 249, “Plastics”. The analytical test methods specified in this European Standard are
35、compatible with those described in ASTM D 6866-12 4. 1) A mandate is a standardization task embedded in European trade laws. Mandate M/492 is addressed to the European Standardization bodies, CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, for the development of horizontal European Standards for bio-based products. BS EN 16
36、640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the bio-based carbon content in products, based on the 14C content measurement. This European Standard also specifies two test methods to be used for the determination of the 14C content from which
37、 the bio-based carbon content is calculated: Method A: Liquid scintillation-counter method (LSC) ; Method B: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). A third method, Method C: Beta ionization (BI) can also be used for the determination of the 14C content and is described in Annex D (informative) The bio
38、-based carbon content is expressed by a fraction of sample mass or as a fraction of the total carbon content. This calculation method is applicable to any product containing carbon, including bio composites. NOTE This European Standard does not provide the methodology for the calculation of the biom
39、ass content of a sample see prEN 167851 5 and prEN 167852 6. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the l
40、atest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15400, Solid recovered fuels - Determination of calorific value EN ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for products - Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value) (ISO 1716) ISO 1928, Solid mineral fuels
41、Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific value 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 organic material material containing carbon-based compound in which the element carb
42、on is attached to other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, or other elements in a chain, ring, or three-dimensional structure 3.2 isotope abundance fraction of atoms of a particular isotope of an element 3.3 percentage modern carbon pMC normalized and standardized value for the amount of the 14C isotop
43、e in a sample, calculated relative to the standardized and normalized 14C isotope amount of oxalic acid standard reference material, NIST SRM 4990b or NIST SRM 4990c or Sucrose (NIST SRM 8542) Note 1 to entry: In 2016, the value of 100 % bio-based carbon was set at 101,5 0,5 pMC. BS EN 16640:2017EN
44、16640:2017 (E) 7 Note 2 to entry: SRM 4990c, SRM 4990b and SRM 8582 are the trade name of products supplied by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product.
45、 Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. 3.4 laboratory sample sub-quantity of a sample suitable for laboratory tests 3.5 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined 3.6 sample preparation all t
46、he actions taken to obtain representative analysis samples or test portions from the original sample 3.7 beta- particle electron emitted during radioactive decay 4 Symbols and abbreviations 14C carbon isotope with an atomic mass of 14 AMS accelerator mass spectrometry BI beta-ionization Bq Bequerel
47、(disintegrations per second) C symbol for element carbon Cpm counts per minute dpm disintegrations per minute GM Geiger-Mller LLD lower limit of detection LSC Liquid Scintillation Counter or Liquid Scintillation Counting m dry mass of a sample expressed in grams MOP 3-methoxy 1-propyl amine PE Polye
48、thylene PLA poly(lactic acid) pMC percentage of modern carbon REF reference value, expressed in pMC, of 100 % bio-based carbon depending on the origin of organic carbon TC total carbon xBbio-based carbon content by mass, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the sample (dry) xTCtotal carbon conte
49、nt, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the sample (dry) TCBx bio-based carbon content by total carbon content, expressed as a percentage of the total carbon content BS EN 16640:2017EN 16640:2017 (E) 8 5 Principle The 14C present in products is originating from recent atmospheric CO2. Due to its radioactive decay, it is almost absent from fossil products older than 20 000 years to 30 000 years. The 14C content may thus be considered as a tracer of products recently synthesized from atmospheric CO2and particularly of rece
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