1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16772:2016Water quality Guidanceon methods for samplinginvertebrates in the hyporheiczone of riversBS EN 16772:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16772:2016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to
2、 TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standa
3、rds Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 83199 7ICS 13.060.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2016.Amendmen
4、ts issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16772:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16772 April 2016 ICS 13.060.70 English Version Water quality - Guidance on methods for sampling invertebrates in the hyporheic zone of rivers Qualit de leau - Lignes directrices relative
5、s aux mthodes dchantillonnage des invertbrs dans la zone hyporhique des rivires Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zu Methoden fr die Probenahme von Invertebraten (Wirbellosen) in der hyporheischen Zone von Flssen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 February 2016. CEN members are bound to
6、 comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CE
7、NELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has t
8、he same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxem
9、bourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brusse
10、ls 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16772:2016 EBS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and definitions . 6 3 Survey objectives 8 4 Sampling strat
11、egy 9 5 Sampling methods . 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Karaman-Chappuis pit . 10 5.2.1 Description and operation 10 5.2.2 Species sampled 11 5.2.3 Environmental variables . 11 5.3 Bou-Rouch pump 11 5.3.1 Description and operation 11 5.3.2 Species sampled 12 5.3.3 Environmental variables . 13 5.4 Vacuum
12、pump 13 5.4.1 Description and operation 13 5.4.2 Species sampled 15 5.4.3 Environmental variables . 15 5.5 Standpipe trap . 15 5.5.1 Description and operation 15 5.5.2 Species sampled 15 5.5.3 Environmental variables . 15 5.6 Williams corer . 16 5.6.1 Description and operation 16 5.6.2 Species sampl
13、ed 16 5.6.3 Environmental variables . 16 5.7 Colonization devices . 17 5.7.1 Description and operation 17 5.7.2 Species sampled 19 5.7.3 Environmental variables . 19 5.8 Freeze coring . 19 5.8.1 Description and operation 19 5.8.2 Species sampled 20 5.8.3 Environmental variables . 20 6 Sample process
14、ing . 20 Annex A (informative) Examples of sampling strategies for three different types of investigation 21 A.1 Case Study 1 Assessing regional biodiversity and species richness . 21 A.2 Case Study 2 Assessing impacts on fish spawning sites 21 A.3 Case Study 3 Assessing the impacts of pollution . 2
15、1 Bibliography . 22 BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16772:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by pu
16、blication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENEL
17、EC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republi
18、c, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 1
19、6772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 4 Introduction WARNING Safety issues are paramount when surveying rivers. Surveyors should conform to EU and national Health and Safety legislation, and any additional guidelines appropriate for working in or near rivers. The term “hyporheic” is derived from two Greek word
20、s: hypo (under) and rheos (flow), and was first used by Orghidan in 1959 1 to delineate the area of saturated subsurface sediments beneath and lateral to the wetted channel that contains a mix of surface water and groundwater. In the past 50 years, scientific understanding of the hyporheic zone has
21、improved 2 and the term has been modified and expanded by hydrologists, hydrogeologists, chemists and biologists to reflect the importance of: the upwelling and downwelling of water into and out of the stream bed and the mixing ratio of surface water and groundwater; the nature and rate of biogeoche
22、mical processes resulting from upwelling of interstitial water or downwelling of surface water; the ecotonal nature of the hyporheic zone which provides important habitat for benthic taxa, specialist hyporheic organisms and groundwater fauna, including macroinvertebrates, meiofauna and microorganism
23、s. Meiofauna includes microcrustaceans, rotifers and nematodes as well early instars of many aquatic insects. In this standard the hyporheic zone is defined as the spatio-temporally dynamic ecotone between the surficial benthic substrate and the underlying aquifer. Within the hyporheic zone, water,
24、solutes and biota are exchanged with the stream above, the groundwater below and the saturated sediments lateral to the channel. The term “hyporheic zone” is applied to the physical habitat while the term “hyporheos” coined by Williams and Hynes in 1974 3 is used to describe the faunal community inh
25、abiting it. Over the past few decades, the importance of the hyporheic zone has been increasingly recognized, with the vertical dimension added to spatial concepts of lateral and longitudinal connectivity. Together with the temporal dimension this has created a four-dimensional understanding of rive
26、r ecosystems 4, 5, 6. As the hyporheic zone is an ecotone between surface water and groundwater, abiotic conditions may reflect a transition between the two. Table 1 provides a general comparison of the physical characteristics of each environment. Table 1 Physical characteristics of typical groundw
27、ater and hyporheic environments compared with surface waters Physical characteristic Groundwater Hyporheic Light Constant darkness Constant darkness Current velocity Much lower Lower Annual and daily temperature range Much smaller Smaller Substrate stability Much higher Higher Approaches to river co
28、nservation and management recognize the need for a better understanding of the interactions between surface water and groundwater when undertaking investigations in the field. As the ecotone between the two, the hyporheic zone plays a vital part in ecosystem functioning in many rivers, including a c
29、ritical role in the flow of energy, cycling of nutrients and organic compounds, as well as pollution attenuation. The hyporheic zone contributes to overall river biodiversity. It also provides a nursery for young life-stages of some fish and invertebrates and a potential refuge for benthos during ad
30、verse environmental conditions, such as flooding, low flows, chemical pollution, stream-bed drying or freezing. The hyporheic zone may therefore enhance the recovery of the benthic community following disturbance. BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 5 An increased interest in the hyporheic zone has re
31、sulted, in part, from international legislation, such as EC directives: the Habitats Directive 7, the Water Framework Directive 8, the Groundwater Directive 9 and the Nitrates Directive 10. Although investigations into the hyporheic zone are not explicit within these directives, they do require nati
32、onal regulatory authorities to adopt a more integrated approach to the management of river catchments as a whole. Consequently, an understanding of the hyporheic zone, including its functions and the potential threats to these, is vital in order to comply fully with the requirements of these directi
33、ves. Investigations of the hyporheic zone may also be needed more generally for catchment management, river restoration, site-based investigations or for research. Consequently, the purpose of any study should be carefully considered when selecting the most appropriate method for sampling the hyporh
34、eos, especially if the collection of water quality and associated sediment data is also required. In addition, the methods described in this standard may require modification to reflect local conditions. BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard provides guidance on methods
35、for sampling invertebrates in the hyporheic zone of wadable rivers. It describes each method, including details of the equipment involved and its use in the field. Guidance is given on developing a sampling strategy and selecting an appropriate survey technique for the purpose of investigation. NOTE
36、 Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling is covered by other published standards (see Bibliography). Selected literature with references in support of this document is given in the Bibliography. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 aqui
37、fer underground zone of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated material from which groundwater can be extracted 2.2 benthic relating to the surface substrate 2.3 benthos community inhabiting the surface substrate of rivers 2.4 biofilm coating on a substrate composed of microorganisms, extra-
38、cellular polysaccharides, other materials that organisms produce, and particles trapped or precipitated within the matrix 2.5 biomass total mass of living organisms per unit surface area or volume 2.6 catchment basin area from which precipitation or groundwater will collect and contribute to the flo
39、w of a specific river 2.7 diversity taxonomic richness of a community and the distribution of individuals across taxa 2.8 downwelling movement of water in a downward direction, typically from the surface stream to the hyporheic zone or groundwater 2.9 ecotone transition area between two adjacent eco
40、systems BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 7 2.10 exposed river sediments particles, typically comprising cobbles, gravel, sand and silt, deposited by flowing water but exposed as water levels fall 2.11 groundwater water that is within the saturated zone below the water table 2.12 hyporheic flow flow
41、 of water through the hyporheic zone 2.13 hyporheic zone spatio-temporally dynamic ecotone between the surficial benthic substrate and the underlying aquifer 2.14 hyporheos faunal community inhabiting the hyporheic zone 2.15 interstitial referring to the spaces between substrate particles 2.16 macro
42、invertebrate invertebrate that is easily visible without magnification (0,5 mm) SOURCE: EN ISO 10870:2012, 2.8 2.17 meiofauna invertebrates that pass through a 500-m or 1-mm sieve but are retained on a 45-m- or 63-m sieve 2.18 permeability capacity of a porous medium, either rock or unconsolidated m
43、aterial, to transmit water 2.19 pool habitat feature characterized by distinctly deeper parts of the channel that are usually no longer than one to three times the channels bankfull width, and where the hollowed river bed profiles are sustained by scouring SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.24 2.20 porosity p
44、roportion of a given volume of rock or unconsolidated material that is occupied by pores BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 8 2.21 reach major sub-division of a river, defined by physical, hydrological, and chemical character that distinguishes it from other parts of the river system upstream and dow
45、nstream SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.25 2.22 riffle fast-flowing shallow water with distinctly broken or disturbed surface over gravel/pebble or cobble substrate SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.28 2.23 riparian zone area of land adjoining a river channel (including the river bank) capable of directly influenci
46、ng the condition of the aquatic ecosystem (e.g. by shading and leaf litter input) SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.29, modified the NOTE was not adopted 2.24 stream ordering methods for classifying rivers and streams related to the complexity of the drainage basin, generally with progressively higher order
47、numbers usually assigned to streams with greater discharge lower down the catchment SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.37 2.25 substrate material making up the bed of a river SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, 2.40 2.26 upwelling movement of water in an upward direction, typically from the groundwater or hyporheic zone t
48、o the surface stream 3 Survey objectives The objectives of the survey should be clearly defined before selecting which method to use for sampling the hyporheic zone, because the suitability of each method varies according to the purpose of study. Table 2 summarizes each sampling method according to
49、its suitability for particular objectives. This includes consideration of: attributes and variations in hyporheic fauna, substrate and the interstitial environment; whether the method can be applied instream and/or in the riparian zone; whether data collected are fully quantitative or semi-quantitative. All methods can be used to describe diversity, taxon richness, abundance and biomass, recognizing their known limitations. BS EN 16772:2016EN 16772:2016 (E) 9 Table 2 Overview of sampling methods described in th
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