1、BS EN 16859:2017Water quality Guidancestandard on monitoringfreshwater pearl mussel(Margaritifera margaritifera)populations and theirenvironmentBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16859:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is
2、the UK implementation of EN 16859:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessar
3、yprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2017. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 86427 8ICS 13.060.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was pub
4、lished under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2017.Amendments/Corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16859:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16859 February 2017 ICS 13.060.70 English Version Water quality - Guidance
5、 standard on monitoring freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) populations and their environment Qualit de leau - Norme guide sur le suivi des populations de moules perlires deau douce (Margaritifera margaritifera) et de leur environnementWasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung fr das Monito
6、ring von Populationen der Flussperlmuschel (Margaritifera Margaritifera) und ihrer Umwelt This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 December 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the stat
7、us of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, Ge
8、rman). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croat
9、ia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turke
10、y and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Re
11、f. No. EN 16859:2017 EBS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 2 Contents PageEuropean foreword . 5 Introduction 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms and definitions . 7 4 Monitoring and assessing the condition of a Margaritifera population. 12 4.1 Requirements for a sustainable Margaritifera popul
12、ation. 12 4.1.1 General . 12 4.1.2 Monitoring 12 Table 1 Checklist of monitoring recommended on mussel attributes in rivers with Margaritifera . 13 4.2 Training and quality assurance for pearl mussel survey and assessment 14 4.2.1 Pearl mussel survey 14 4.2.2 Training manuals . 15 4.2.3 Data entry a
13、nd validation 15 4.2.4 Licences . 15 5 Monitoring the environmental conditions needed to support Margaritifera margaritifera populations 15 5.1 General . 15 5.2 Fish hosts . 16 5.2.1 Fish host species . 16 Table 2 Checklist of monitoring recommended on fish hosts in rivers with Margaritifera 16 5.2.
14、2 Barriers to fish migration . 17 5.2.3 Host suitability 17 5.3 Water quality . 17 5.3.1 General . 17 5.3.2 Phosphorus. 17 5.3.3 Nitrogen, including ammonia 17 5.3.4 BOD5/ dissolved oxygen 18 5.3.5 pH . 18 5.3.6 Calcium. 18 5.3.7 Alkalinity . 18 5.3.8 Electrical conductivity 18 5.3.9 Temperature 18
15、5.3.10 Contaminants . 19 5.3.11 Turbidity, suspended solids . 19 Table 3 Checklist of monitoring recommended on water quality parameters in rivers with Margaritifera . 19 5.3.12 Biotic indicators of water quality . 20 Table 4 Checklist of monitoring recommended on biotic indicators in rivers with Ma
16、rgaritifera . 21 5.4 Hydromorphology 21 5.4.1 Monitoring requirements . 21 BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 3 Table 5 Checklist of monitoring recommended on flow and physical environmental parameters in rivers with Margaritifera 21 5.4.2 Flow . 22 5.4.3 Physical habitat structure . 23 Table 6 Clast
17、 sizes relevant to Margaritifera habitat (according to EN ISO 14688-1:2002, Table 1) 24 5.4.4 Substrate quality . 24 5.4.5 Substrate stability 25 5.4.6 Trees and wood . 25 5.4.7 Instream modifications 25 6 Monitoring environmental pressures . 25 Table 7 Checklist of environmental pressures recommend
18、ed for risk-based monitoring in rivers with Margaritifera 26 7 Information needed to assess plans or projects on rivers with Margaritifera 27 Table 8 Checklist of questions that should be addressed to ensure that plans or projects do not damage Margaritifera populations 27 Annex A (informative) Back
19、ground information on the environmental characteristics important for maintaining populations of Margaritifera margaritifera 29 A.1 Fish hosts . 29 A.1.1 Fish host species . 29 A.1.2 Barriers to fish migration 29 A.1.3 Host suitability and stocking practices . 29 A.2 Water quality 30 A.2.1 Phosphoru
20、s . 30 A.2.2 Nitrogen, including ammonia . 30 A.2.3 BOD5/dissolved oxygen 30 A.2.4 pH . 30 A.2.5 Calcium . 31 A.2.6 Alkalinity . 31 A.2.7 Electrical conductivity 31 A.2.8 Temperature 32 A.2.9 Contaminants . 32 A.2.10 Turbidity, suspended solids . 32 A.3 Biotic indicators of water quality . 33 A.3.1
21、Macroinvertebrates . 33 A.3.2 Diatoms 33 A.3.3 Filamentous algae . 33 A.3.4 Macrophytes . 33 A.4 Hydromorphology 34 A.4.1 Flow . 34 BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 4 A.4.2 Physical habitat structure . 34 A.4.3 Substrate quality 35 A.4.4 Substrate stability 36 A.4.5 Trees and wood . 36 A.4.6 Instre
22、am modifications 36 A.5 Biotic factors and other interactions 37 A.5.1 Pressures and interferences 37 A.5.2 Human interference 37 A.5.3 Invasive non-native species . 37 A.5.4 Non-native fish 37 A.5.5 Non-native molluscs 37 A.5.6 Non-native crayfish . 38 A.5.7 Non-native plants . 38 A.5.8 Non-native
23、mammals 38 Annex B (informative) Targets for assessing whether Margaritifera populations are in favourable condition . 39 Table B.1 Criterions and targets to achieve sustainable Margaritifera populations . 39 Annex C (informative) Range of environmental conditions supporting sustainable populations
24、of Margaritifera . 40 Table C.1 Range of environmental conditions supporting sustainable populations of Margaritifera (with referenced work on which levels are based) . 40 Bibliography . 44 BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 5 European foreword This document (EN 16859:2017) has been prepared by Techn
25、ical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdr
26、awn at the latest by August 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national sta
27、ndards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
28、Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 6 Introduction This European Standard provides guidance on monitoring populations of freshwater pearl mussel Mar
29、garitifera margaritifera and the environmental features on which this species depends. Pearl mussels are endangered throughout their Holarctic range as a result of intensive land-use, pollution, river engineering, abstraction, declining populations of host fish, and exploitation by pearl fishers 1,
30、2, 3. Throughout this document, use of the term Margaritifera refers only to the species Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758). Within the EU, Margaritifera is protected under national legislation as well as by the EC Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) which requires Special Are
31、as of Conservation to be designated to safeguard this species. The presence of a population of Margaritifera with full juvenile recruitment is the sign of a healthy functioning river 4. Margaritifera has a well-documented but complicated life history, with a larval glochidial stage dependent on a sa
32、lmonid host. The larvae encyst within the host fish gills following release of glochidia in summer or early autumn. There they overwinter and grow before dropping off in the following spring or early summer. The few that survive initially remain buried in the river-bed substrate for several years wh
33、ere they interact with interstitial water. Older mussels typically have their siphons exposed to filter within the open water. The glochidial and juvenile stages are more demanding of a high-quality environment than adult mussels, emphasizing the importance of defining and maintaining appropriate ec
34、ological conditions for the young stages 5. Margaritifera lives for an unusually long time over 100 years in much of its range but life spans can be much shorter at the southern extreme of its range and much longer at the northern extreme. A lack of recruitment of young mussels leads to populations
35、becoming unsustainable, but these problems can be masked by the continued survival of older mussels for many years long after successful recruitment has ended. The requirement for a host salmonid fish to carry the mussel larval stage presents an added challenge in maintaining the condition of freshw
36、ater pearl mussel populations. Although Margaritifera is highly demanding in river substrate and water quality, it occurs in a wide range of catchments from small, siliceous, oligotrophic rivers, often with a lake upstream, to large lowland mineral systems. This standard strives to encompass the ran
37、ge of latitudinal and geological factors that affect Margaritifera across its range. It is essential to take into consideration the unique pressures on each individual population when setting priorities for monitoring. NOTE A limited number of key references are given in the Bibliography. A comprehe
38、nsive list can be consulted by using the following link to the website of the Freshwater Biological Association http:/www.fba.org.uk/cen-pearl-mussel-standard-development-reference-list The applications of the standard include the provision of site-level data that will contribute to reporting under
39、the Habitats Directive, Article 17, undertaking environmental impact assessment, and restoring pearl mussel populations. WARNING Safety issues are paramount when surveying rivers. Surveyors should conform to EU and national Health and Safety legislation, and any additional guidelines appropriate for
40、 working in or near rivers. IMPORTANT Freshwater pearl mussel surveys are carried out under licence, and the methods used should be fully compliant with any conditions imposed. BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard provides guidance on methods for monitoring freshwater p
41、earl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) populations and the environmental characteristics important for maintaining populations in favourable condition. The standard is based on best practice developed and used by Margaritifera experts in Europe, and describes approaches that individual countries
42、have adopted for survey, data analysis and condition assessment. While it is recommended that the causes for pearl mussel decline should be urgently investigated, standard methods for restoring populations are beyond the scope of this document. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whol
43、e or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 14688-1:2002, Geotechnical inves
44、tigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2002) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 acoustic doppler current profiler ADCP sonar device that produces a r
45、ecord of water current velocities for a range of depths 3.2 aquatic macrophyte larger plant of fresh water which is easily seen with the naked eye, including all aquatic vascular plants, bryophytes, stoneworts (Characeae) and macro-algal growths Note 1 to entry: This definition includes plants assoc
46、iated with open water or wetlands with shallow water. SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, definition 2.1 3.3 bankfull maximum point on banks at which floods are held within the channel before spilling over onto the floodplain SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, definition 2.5 3.4 baseline survey first survey of environmental
47、 or biological features by which progress towards rehabilitation or continuing decline can be monitored by subsequent surveys 3.5 bathyscope bucket with a transparent bottom used for viewing freshwater pearl mussels on the river bed BS EN 16859:2017EN 16859:2017 (E) 8 3.6 biochemical oxygen demand a
48、fter 5 days BOD5mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the biochemical oxidation of organic and/or inorganic matter in water after 5 days Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, “biochemical oxidation” is taken to mean “biological oxidation”. SOURCE
49、: ISO 5815-1:2003, definition 3.1 modified 3.7 brooding period length of time that glochidia remain within the body of a gravid pearl mussel 3.8 colmation blockage of stream-bed interstitial spaces by the ingress of fine sediments and organic material 3.9 compaction consolidation of the river bed through physical, chemical or biological processes SOURCE: EN 14614:2004, definition 2.10 3.10 concretion hard, compact mass of sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between the sediment grains
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