1、STD.BS1 BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2001 1624bb7 0897544 48 BRITISH STANDARD Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - X-ray spectrometric methods The European Standard EN IS0 3497:2000 has the status of a British Standard ICs 17.040.20; 25.220.40 I BS EN IS0 3497:2001 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PE
2、RMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW STD-BSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2001 I1624669 0899545 315 BS EN IS0 3497:2001 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee an
3、d comes into effect on 15 March 2001 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN IS0 3497:2000. It is identical with IS0 34972000. It supersedes BS 5411-8:1991 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
4、STU37, Methods of test for metallic and related coatings, which has the responsibility to: - - aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible internationallEuropean committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor r
5、elated international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. - A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists norm
6、ative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these international or European publications may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
7、by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer im
8、munity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN IS0 title page, the EN IS0 foreword page, the IS0 title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 18, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document i
9、ndicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication zd. NoTIDate Icomments 8 BSI 03-2001 ISBN O 580 37054 2 STD.BS1 BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 200L = Lb24bb 087754b 251 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IS0 3497 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM Decem ber 2000 ICs 25.220.40 English version Met
10、allic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - X-ray spectrometric methods (IS0 3497:2000) Revtements mtalliques - Mesurage de lpaisseur du revtement - Mthodes par spectromtrie de rayons X (IS0 3497:2000) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 December 2000. CEN members are bound to c
11、omply with the CENICENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Manageme
12、nt Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the offi
13、cial versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMIITEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT
14、E EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 8-1050 Brussels Q 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means resewed worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN IS0 3497:2000 E - STDeBSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2003 W 1624hb9 0
15、899547 198 EN IS0 3497:2000 Foreword The text of the International Standard IS0 3497:2000 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISOTTC 107 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CENTTC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings“, the secretariat of which
16、 is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2001. According to the CENKENELEC Internal R
17、egulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and t
18、he United Kingdom. NOTE FROM CMC: The foreword is susceptible to be amended on reception of the German language version. The confirmed or amended foreword, and when appropriate, the normative annex ZA for the references to international publications with their relevant European publications will be
19、circulated with the German version. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IS0 3497:2000 was approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. STD.BSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2OOL m lb24bb9 0899548 024 EN IS0 3497:2000 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 3497 Third edition 2000-
20、1 2-1 5 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - X-ray spectrometric met hods Revtements mtalliques - Mesurage de lpaisseur du revtement - Mthodes par spectromtrie de rayons X Reference number IS0 3497:2000(E) STD-BSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2001 = Lb24669 0699549 TbO H EN IS0 3497:2000 Co
21、ntents Page Foreword . iv 1 scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 3 Principle 3 4 Apparatus . 7 5 Factors that influence the measurement results 10 6 7 Procedure . 16 9 Test report 17 Calibration of instrument 14 8 Measurement uncertainty . 17 Annex A (informative) Typical measuring ranges for some co
22、mmon coating materials 18 Previous page is blank . iii STD-BSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2003 m 3624669 0899550 762 m EN IS0 3497:2000 Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing Interna
23、tional Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with
24、ISO, also take patt in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Patt 3. Draft International Standar
25、ds adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may b
26、e the subject of patent rights. IS0 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IS0 3497 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings, Subcommittee SC 2, Test methods. This third edition cancels and repl
27、aces the second edition (IS0 3497:1990), which has been technically revised. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. iv STD-BSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2001 1624bb9 0899551 b19 D EN IS0 3497:2000 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - X-ray spectrometric methods 1
28、 Scope WARNING Problems concerning protection of personnel against X-rays are not covered by this International Standard. For information on this important aspect, reference should be made to current international and national standards, and to local regulations, where these exist. 1.1 This Internat
29、ional Standard specifies methods for measuring the thickness of metallic coatings by the use of X-ray spectrometric methods. 1.2 The measuring methods to which this International Standard applies are fundamentally those that determine the mass per unit area. Using a knowledge of the density of the c
30、oating material, the results of measurements can also be expressed as linear thickness of the coating. 1.3 simultaneous measurement of thickness and compositions of layers with up to three components. The measuring methods permit simultaneous measurement of coating systems with up to three layers, o
31、r 1.4 The practical measurement ranges of given coating materials are largely determined by the energy of the characteristic X-ray fluorescence to be analysed and by the acceptable measurement uncertainty and can differ depending upon the instrument system and operating procedure used. 2 Terms and d
32、efinitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 X-ray fluorescence XRF secondary radiation occurring when a high intensity incident X-ray beam impinges upon a material placed in the path of the incident beam NOTE The secondary emission has w
33、avelengths and energies characteristic of that material. 2.2 intensity of fluorescent radiation radiation intensity, X, measured by the instrument, expressed in counts (radiation pulses) per second 2.3 saturation thickness thickness that, if exceeded, does not produce any detectable change in fluore
34、scent intensity NOTE number of the material and on the angle of incident and fluorescent radiation with respect to the surface of the material. Saturation thickness depends upon the energy or wavelength of the fluorescent radiation, density and atomic 1 STDmBSI BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2DOL W Lb2Libb9 08
35、77552 555 W EN IS0 3497:2000 2.4 normalized intensity xn ratio of the difference in intensity obtained from a coated specimen, x, and an uncoated substrate material, xo, and the difference obtained from a material of thickness equal to or greater than the saturation thickness, xs (see 2.3) and an un
36、coated substrate material, x0, all measured under the same conditions NOTE 1 The mathematical relationship is given by: x-xo X“ =- xs -xo where x is the intensity obtained from the coated specimen; xo is the intensity obtained from uncoated substrate material; xs is the intensity obtained from a mat
37、erial of thickness equal to or greater than the saturation thickness. NOTE 2 The normalized intensity is independent of measurement and integration time, and intensity of the excitation (incident radiation). The geometric configuration and the energy of the excitation radiation can influence the nor
38、malized count rate. The value of xn is valid between O and 1. 2.5 intermediate coatings coatings that lie between the top coating and the basis material and are of thicknesses less than saturation for each of the coatings NOTE Any coating lying between the top coating and the basis material (substra
39、te) and having a thickness above saturation should itself be considered the true substrate since the material under such a coating will not affect the measurement and can be eliminated for measurement purposes. 2.6 count rate number of radiation pulses recorded by the instrument per unit time (see 2
40、.2). 2.7 basis material basis metal material upon which coatings are deposited or formed IS0 2080:1981, definition i 341 2.8 substrate material upon which a coating is directly deposited NOTE intermediate coating is the substrate. For a single or first coating the substrate is identical with the bas
41、is material; for a subsequent coating the IS0 2080:198i, definition 6301 2 STD.BS1 BS EN IS0 3497-ENGL 2001 m lb24bb9 0899553 491 = EN IS0 3497:2000 3 Principle 3.1 Basis of operation A relationship exists between mass per unit area of the coating (and thus the linear coating thickness if the densit
42、y is known) and the secondary radiation intensity. This relationship, for any practical instrument system, is first established by calibrating using calibration standards having coatings of known mass per unit area. If the coating material density is known, such standards can have coatings given in
43、linear thickness units, provided that the actual density value is also given. NOTE The coating material density is the density as-coated, which may or may not be the theoretical density of the coating material at the time the measurement is made. If this density differs from the density of the calib
44、ration standards, a factor that reflects this difference is used and documented in the test report. The fluorescent intensity is a function of the atomic number of the elements. Providing the top coating, intermediate coating (if present) and the substrate are of different elements or a coating cons
45、ists of more than one element, these elements will generate radiation characteristics for each of them. A suitable detector system can be adjusted to select either one or more energy bands, enabling the equipment to measure thickness and/or composition of either the top coating or the top and some i
46、ntermediate coatings simultaneously. 3.2 Excitation 3.2.1 General The measurement of the thickness of coatings by X-ray spectrometric methods is based on the combined interaction of the coating (or coatings) and substrate with an intense, often narrow, beam of polychromatic or monochromatic X-radiat
47、ion. This interaction results in generating discrete wavelengths or energies of secondary radiation which are characteristic of the elements composing the coating) and substrate. The generated radiation is obtained from a high voltage X-ray tube generator or from suitable radioisotopes. 3.2.2 Genera
48、tion by a high voltage X-ray tube Suitable excitation radiation will be produced by an X-ray tube if sufficient potential is applied to the tube and stable conditions apply. Applied voltages are in the order of 25 kV to 50 kV for most thickness requirements but voltages down to 10 kV may be necessar
49、y in order to measure low atomic number coating materials. For some applications the use of a primary filter, located between the X-ray tube and the specimen, decreases the measurement uncertainty. The chief advantages of this method of excitation are - the ability to create, by collimation, a very high intensity beam on a very small measurement area; - the ease of control for personnel safety requirements; - the potential stability of emission obtainable by modern electronic methods. 3.2.3 Generation by a radioisotope Only a few radioisoto
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