1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 11771:2010Air quality Determination oftime-averaged mass emissionsand emission factors Generalapproach (ISO 11771:2010)BS EN ISO 11771:2010 BRITISH STANDARDNational for
2、ewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO11771:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/4, General aspects.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purpo
3、rt to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 58344 5ICS 13.040.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandard
4、s Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 11771 December 2010 ICS 13.040.01 English Version Air quality - Determination of time-averaged mass emissions and emission factors - Genera
5、l approach (ISO 11771:2010) Qualit de lair - Dtermination de la moyenne temporelle des missions massiques et des facteurs dmission - Approche gnrale (ISO 11771:2010) Luftbeschaffenheit - Ermittlung von zeitlich gemittelten Massenemissionen und Emissionsfaktoren - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise (ISO 11771
6、:2010) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 November 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliograph
7、ical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibilit
8、y of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hu
9、ngary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Cen
10、tre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 11771:2010: EBS EN ISO 11771:2010EN ISO 11771:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 11771:2010) has been prepared by Technical Comm
11、ittee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 146 “Air quality”. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 20
12、11, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
13、According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland
14、, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN ISO 11771:2010ISO 11771:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Terms and de
15、finitions .2 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms 3 4 Principle .3 5 Determination of mass emission rates .4 5.1 Planning .4 5.2 Measurements .5 5.3 Calculation of mass emission rates 6 5.4 Determination of time-averaged mass emission rates7 5.5 Uncertainty estimation7 6 Activity data .9 6.1 Collection o
16、f activity data.9 6.2 Activity data uncertainty.9 7 Determination of time-averaged mass emission factors 10 7.1 General .10 7.2 Calculating the time-averaged emission factor .10 7.3 Uncertainty of the time-averaged emission factor.10 7.4 Aggregating emission factors11 7.5 Uncertainty estimation of a
17、ggregates of emission factors.11 8 Quality management system requirements11 9 Reporting12 9.1 General .12 9.2 Test report12 Annex A (normative) Minimum requirements for the measurement plan.13 Annex B (informative) Example of uncertainty estimation.16 Annex C (informative) Data manipulation.21 Bibli
18、ography22 BS EN ISO 11771:2010ISO 11771:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through I
19、SO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates
20、closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.
21、Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this d
22、ocument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11771 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 264, Air quality, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 146,
23、Air quality, Subcommittee SC 4, General aspects, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). BS EN ISO 11771:2010ISO 11771:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction This Intenational Standard describes the measurement procedures necessar
24、y to determine the mass emission of substances from stationary sources. Empirically generated data are necessary to determine the uncertainty that can be associated with a stated result and to enable the verification of emission measurement reports. This Intenational Standard also describes the meas
25、urement procedures necessary to determine emission factors. An emission factor is a value that relates the quantity of a pollutant released with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. Emission factors are useful when the operational conditions and time period for which they are r
26、epresentative is known. Emission factors are used to calculate and report mass emissions for both emission inventory and non-inventory uses. Inventory uses can include: emission trading; compiling polluting release and transfer registers; air quality modelling; air quality management; compliance wit
27、h national emission limits. Non-inventory uses can include: developing site-specific emission estimates; developing control strategies; risk assessments; deciding appropriate permit limits. The most commonly used methodology for compiling an emission inventory is to combine information on the extent
28、 to which an activity takes place (quantified by activity data a) with representative values of the emissions or removals per unit activity, called emission factor F. The basic equation providing the emission as a mass emission rate m is given by based on a limited number of emission measurements; r
29、epresentative of a restricted period of process operating time; representative of a limited range of process operating conditions; representative of a limited sample of process units commonly used. Emission factors are numerical estimates with uncertainties that can include systematic and random com
30、ponents, e.g. measurement uncertainty, fluctuations in pollutant emission control efficiency, and variability in process operation. The numerical uncertainty associated with a particular emission factor, for a single source, can be estimated provided that there is sufficient, high quality, source te
31、st data to estimate statistically the underlying variability of the more important influencing factors. Uncertainty also arises from the use of an emission factor applicable to one activity, process, technology or installation being used to represent a situation for which it is unsuitable. In many c
32、ases, it is not possible to quantify the uncertainty introduced through inappropriate use of emission factors, and this situation is discouraged. Emission factors should be used with caution. Alternative means exist for estimating emissions that can be more appropriate under some circumstances. A ma
33、terial balance can provide an adequate quantification of emissions in situations where a high percentage of material is lost to the atmosphere (e.g. carbon and sulfur in fuel, solvent loss in an uncontrolled coating process). Material or mass balance determinations can also account for fugitive emis
34、sions not easily measured otherwise. In contrast, material balances may be inappropriate where material is consumed or chemically combined in the process, or where losses to the atmosphere are a small portion of the total process throughput. Data from frequent and representative source-specific emis
35、sions measurements or continuous emission monitoring systems can provide measures of actual pollutant emissions from a source. Site-specific measurement data from a limited number of emissions measurements, while improving the certainty of the emission data, represent only the conditions existing at
36、 the time of the testing or monitoring. To improve the estimate of longer-term (e.g. daily, monthly, yearly) emissions, conditions under which tests occur should be representative of the sources expected range of operations. NOTE 2 Even in the absence of representative source-specific data, emission
37、 information from process control technique and abatement system vendors, particularly emission performance guarantees or emission measurement data from similar equipment can still be a better source of information than source-category emission factors. This International Standard requires the use o
38、f supporting standards not all of which are yet available. BS EN ISO 11771:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11771:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1Air quality Determination of time-averaged mass emissions and emission factors General approach 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a generi
39、c method for the determination and the reporting of time-averaged mass emissions from a specific installation or of a family of installations (or common source type), using data collected by measurements, and by establishing: mass emission rates by the simultaneous measurement of concentration and g
40、as flow, using standardized manual or automatic methods, and also the estimation of the uncertainty of the measurements; time-averaged mass emission rates using time series of mass emission rate values, their uncertainty characteristics, and also the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the
41、average; time-averaged emission factors for a specific installation or of a family of installations and their associated uncertainty characteristics; a quality management system to assist the process of inventory quality assurance and verification. This International Standard is applicable to the de
42、termination of emission factors for stationary sources including emissions from industrial processes where calculation from fuel and raw material is not practical, for greenhouse gases, and air pollutants including fine particulate material. This International Standard does not address compliance mo
43、nitoring in the context of emission control regulations. This International Standard requires the use of measurement-based methods and calculation-based methods that use measurement data. It covers the planning and execution of the measurement programme to collect data, selection of sampling methods
44、, calculation of results, estimation of uncertainty, determination of emission factors, and the reporting of information in a form that enables users to apply them. This International Standard specifies how to: generate time-averaged mass emission rate data of a known quality, for a defined period o
45、f time, and a documented set of operational conditions; generate complete data sets representative of a known time period (i.e. a calendar year) by filling gaps in mass emission rate data series and combining data sets numerically; NOTE 1 Time series data can be available for only a limited elapsed
46、period (i.e. weeks, months, or years) and can be available only for a discrete process whereas inventories can be necessary which average over a different period (i.e. for a calendar year). calculate emission factors for a known time period; calculate time-averaged emission factors of a known qualit
47、y for a known source type. The measurement of emissions from vehicular, area or fugitive sources is not specifically covered. However, this International Standard can be used for quantification of emission factors for those sources provided that measurements of emissions are available. NOTE 2 Emissi
48、on fluxes from fugitive and area sources can be directly measured using optical open-path techniques. The results from these measurements can be treated in an analogous way to the measurements described in this International Standard to determine time-averaged emissions and emission factors. BS EN I
49、SO 11771:2010ISO 11771:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reservedThis International Standard does not explicitly include measurement procedures that are fully described in the referenced standards. Neither does it provide advice on the generation of activity statistics. This International Standard is compatible with ISO 14064-15and ISO 14064-36. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 emission factor ratio of the rate at which an air pollut
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