1、 ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06)ETSI Guide Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Radio site engineeringfor radio equipment and systemsETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 2 Reference REG/ERM-TG27-004 Keywords Mobile, radio, site engineering ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-069
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6、munications Standards Institute 2004. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI r
7、egistered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights10 Foreword.10 Introduction 10 1 Scope 12 2 References 12 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .14 3.1 Definitions14 3.2 Symbols14 3.3 Ab
8、breviations .15 4 Choice of site16 4.1 General .16 4.2 Radio site selection criteria 17 4.2.1 Location chosen by propagation analysis .17 4.2.2 Availability of capacity on existing sites 18 4.2.3 Compatibility 18 4.2.4 Environmental and planning considerations .18 5 Radio System requirements19 5.1 P
9、rivate Mobile Radio (PMR)19 5.1.1 Introduction.19 5.1.2 Analogue PMR systems19 5.1.2.1 Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) 20 5.1.3 Digital PMR systems 21 5.1.3.1 TETRA22 5.1.3.2 Other Commercial Systems.22 5.1.3.3 Frequency Planning-Direct mode22 5.1.3.4 Introduction of Trunked Radio Base stations on
10、to Existing Radio Sites 23 5.1.4 Potential sources of interference.23 5.2 Paging.23 5.2.1 Introduction.23 5.2.2 On-site radio paging system23 5.2.3 Wide area paging systems.23 5.2.4 Signalling systems 24 5.2.5 Coverage in confined spaces.24 5.3 Public radiotelephone.24 5.3.1 Introduction.24 5.3.2 Pu
11、blic radiotelephone (analogue) .25 5.3.2.1 Frequency re-use .25 5.3.2.2 Hand-over25 5.3.3 Public radiotelephone (digital) - GSM/DCS 1 800.25 5.3.3.1 Data bases .25 5.3.3.2 Radio.26 5.3.3.3 Traffic and signalling channel.26 5.3.4 Use of repeaters 27 5.4 Confined space engineering .27 5.4.1 Introducti
12、on.27 5.4.2 Characteristics of radiating cable27 5.4.3 Confined space radiocommunication systems 27 5.4.3.1 Antenna characteristics .28 5.4.3.2 Recommendations for frequency range 150 kHz to 1 000 MHz.28 5.4.4 Installation and maintenance of radiating cables 29 5.5 Repeaters 29 5.5.1 Introduction.29
13、 5.5.2 Types of repeater 30 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 4 5.5.3 Repeater characteristics 30 5.5.4 Installation recommendations .30 5.6 Fixed Services (Fixed point-to-point radio links).31 5.6.1 Introduction.31 5.6.2 Use of Fixed Point to Point Radio Links 31 5.6.3 Types of Fixed Links (inc
14、luding Frequency Allocations) 31 5.6.4 Physical Design Criteria for Fixed Links32 5.6.5 Hardware for Fixed Links.32 5.7 Future systems32 6 Installation recommendations.33 6.1 Support structure and mechanical considerations.33 6.1.1 Structural integrity 33 6.1.2 Wind loading 33 6.1.3 Protective coati
15、ngs33 6.1.4 Use of dissimilar metals33 6.2 Equipment room.34 6.2.1 Equipment arrangements 34 6.2.2 Environment .34 6.3 Lightning protection, earthing and electrical supplies35 6.3.1 Lightning effects and protection .35 6.3.2 Earthing of antenna support structures36 6.3.3 Earthing of antennas, feeder
16、s and associated plant.36 6.3.4 Electrical supplies.36 6.3.5 Special installations 36 6.4 Antennas and feeders36 6.4.1 Choice of antenna type .36 6.4.2 Antenna specification .37 6.4.3 Location of antennas.38 6.4.4 Radiation pattern.38 6.4.5 Gain 38 6.4.6 Cross-polar performance.38 6.4.7 Voltage stan
17、ding wave ratio39 6.4.8 Wind vibration39 6.4.9 Degradation of antenna performance39 6.4.10 Cables, cable routes and connectors .39 6.4.11 Feeder identification, terminations and earthing.40 6.4.12 Sealing 40 6.4.13 Inspection for moisture .40 7 Problems identified on site.41 7.1 Generation of unwant
18、ed products.41 7.1.1 Spurious Emissions from Transmitters.41 7.1.1.1 Noise considerations .42 7.1.1.2 Spurious considerations 43 7.1.2 Ambient RF noise levels.43 7.1.3 Intermodulation products between several source frequencies.43 7.1.4 Intermodulation products caused by external effects45 7.2 Inter
19、modulation and blocking effects in receiver systems45 7.2.1 Intermodulation between received signals45 7.2.2 Saturation of receiver front end 46 7.2.3 Selectivity of the receiver .46 7.2.4 Spurious response of the receiver .47 7.2.5 Receiver protection for low power equipment (EN 300 220).47 7.3 EMC
20、 issues.47 7.4 Technical responsibility of the site operator.47 8 Avoiding radio frequency problems.48 8.1 Antenna distribution networks .48 8.2 Receiver distribution networks.48 8.3 Filters and couplers 48 8.3.1 Control of unwanted products.48 8.3.2 The ferrite circulator .48 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V
21、1.5.1 (2004-06) 5 8.3.3 The cavity resonator49 8.3.4 The spectrum dividing filter49 8.3.5 Control of intermodulation, cross modulation and blocking effects in receiver systems by filter protection49 9 Environmental effects.50 9.1 Standards 50 9.2 Corrosion and climatic effects50 9.3 Ultraviolet degr
22、adation.50 10 Health and safety51 10.1 Introduction 51 10.2 Physical safety51 10.3 Electrical safety 52 10.4 Fire hazards 52 10.5 Radio Frequency hazards to personnel.52 11 Site administration52 11.1 Site discipline .52 11.2 Site Records53 11.3 Orientation of support structure and antennas53 11.4 Wo
23、rking arrangements .53 12 Maintenance recommendations53 12.1 Support structure 53 12.2 Equipment room.54 12.3 Electrical supply and lightning protection55 12.4 Antennas and feeders56 12.5 Filters and couplers 56 13 Troubleshooting on radio sites .57 13.1 Method of approach57 13.2 Case studies 58 13.
24、2.1 Cases where the use of cavity resonators, bandpass filters or ferrite isolators provided a cure58 13.2.2 Case where the problem is related to equipment alignment59 13.2.3 Cases where the problems are related to broadcast transmitters.59 13.2.4 Cases where the problems are related to cables and c
25、onnectors .60 13.2.5 Cases where the problems are related to site maintenance .61 13.2.6 Cases where the problems are related to faulty equipment.61 13.2.7 Case where the problem is related to site modifications.62 13.2.8 Case where the problem is related to equipment screening 62 13.2.9 Accidental
26、operation of discarded equipment.62 13.2.10 Examples of lack of isolation between systems62 Annex A (informative): Protection ratios and minimum field strengths required in the mobile services64 A.1 VHF and UHF land and maritime mobile services 64 A.1.1 Protection ratios based on internal noise and
27、distortion in the receiver64 A.1.2 Man-made noise .65 A.1.3 Noise Amplitude Distribution (NAD) determination of degradation.66 A.1.3.1 Definitions 66 A.1.3.1.1 Noise amplitude distribution .66 A.1.3.1.2 Spectrum amplitude 66 A.1.3.1.3 Impulse rate.66 A.1.3.1.4 Impulsive-noise tolerance .67 A.1.3.2 D
28、etermination of degradation .67 A.1.4 Minimum values of field strength to be protected67 Annex B (informative): Spectral parameters.71 B.1 Spectral parameters for TX-RX compatibility .71 B.2 Evaluation of spectral parameters 73 B.2.1 Spurious noise and sideband measurements - transmitters.73 ETSI ET
29、SI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 6 B.2.2 Blocking effect of sideband noise 73 B.2.3 Estimation of sideband noise limits74 Annex C (informative): Antennas and feeder systems76 C.1 Common antenna configuration .76 C.2 Stacking and baying data79 C.3 Isolation between antennas.81 C.4 Control of precipitat
30、ion noise.82 C.5 Achieved Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD) for antennas mounted at an angle to precise horizontal and vertical frames of axes82 C.6 Antennas and feeders83 C.6.1 Calculation of system reflection performance83 C.6.2 Points of note concerning the reflection performance of RF systems 84
31、C.6.3 Calculation procedure for system reflection performance84 C.6.4 Reflection performance calculations for radio site designers.84 C.6.4.1 Voltage reflection coefficient method.84 C.6.4.2 Recommended procedure .84 C.6.4.3 Calculation example .85 C.6.5 Reflection performance calculations for radio
32、 site engineers.86 C.6.5.1 Return loss method .86 C.6.5.2 Recommended procedure .86 C.6.5.3 Example calculations 87 Annex D (informative): Noise power on typical radio sites 90 Annex E (informative): The position of metals in the galvanic series .91 Annex F (informative): Equipment arrangements92 An
33、nex G (informative): Recommendations for earthing and lightning protection at radio sites93 G.1 Lightning Protection - General Philosophy93 G.2 Lightning Effects93 G.2.1 Equipment 93 G.2.2 Other Effects 93 G.2.2.1 Step Potential93 G.2.2.2 Touch Potential.94 G.2.2.3 Transferred potential.94 G.3 Theor
34、etical “Zone of Protection“94 G.3.1 Recommendations for Antenna Positioning on a Tower 95 G.3.2 Protection Levels97 G.4 Earth Terminations.97 G.4.1 Earth System Minimum Requirements.97 G.4.2 Typical Electrode and Array characteristics.98 G.4.2.1 Vertical Rod. It is recommended that lower earth resis
35、tivity will be obtained by driving several thin copper rods interconnected, rather than a single rod of the same overall mass 98 G.4.2.2 Buried Ring.98 G.4.2.3 Buried Grid .98 G.4.3 Measurement of Soil Resistivity 99 G.5 Earthing of antenna support structures and buildings 100 G.5.1 Towers100 G.5.2
36、Guyed masts .100 G.5.3 Remote equipment buildings101 G.5.3.1 Buildings containing reinforcing steelwork101 G.5.3.2 Prefabricated buildings .101 G.5.3.3 Ancillary equipment external to buildings101 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 7 G.5.3.4 Lattice masts on buildings 101 G.5.3.5 Metal support po
37、les on buildings101 G.5.3.6 Metal security fences 101 G.6 Earthing considerations for waveguides and feeders .101 G.6.1 Tower to building feeder trays .102 G.7 Antenna earthing 103 G.8 Interconnection of lightning protection systems with power supply earthing arrangements .104 G.9 Earth recommendati
38、ons for Telecommunications Circuits 104 G.10 Bibliography.105 Annex H (informative): Equipment used to avoid radio frequency problems106 H.1 Cavity resonators106 H.1.1 Introduction 106 H.1.2 General .106 H.1.3 Typical applications .106 H.1.4 Cavity resonator construction.108 H.1.5 Alignment.109 H.2
39、Ferrite isolators and circulators 110 H.2.1 Introduction 110 H.2.2 General .110 H.2.3 Typical applications .111 H.2.4 Ferrite isolator construction113 H.3 Characteristics of distribution amplifiers .114 H.3.1 Receiver distribution amplifier system.114 H.3.2 Receiver distribution amplifier in a 4 way
40、 multicoupler system115 H.4 Typical filter system.116 H.5 Trunking combiner.119 H.5.1 Trunking combiner system.119 H.5.2 Specification of a TX/RX trunking combiner 119 Annex I: Void 121 Annex J (informative): Interference due to intermodulation products in the land mobile service between 25 MHz and
41、1 000 MHz.122 J.1 Introduction 122 J.2 Transmitters122 J.2.1 Coupling loss Ac122 J.2.2 Intermodulation conversion loss, AI123 J.3 External non-linear elements124 J.4 Receivers 124 J.5 Reduction of intermodulation product levels in transmitters .125 J.5.1 Intermodulation conversion loss.125 J.5.2 Cou
42、pling loss126 J.5.3 Identification of the source of an intermodulation product 128 J.6 Reduction of intermodulation products in receivers 129 J.7 Reduction of intermodulation interference by frequency arrangements 129 J.8 Reduction of intermodulation interference by other arrangements129 Annex K (in
43、formative): Sources of unwanted signals in multiple base station sites in the land mobile service .130 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 8 K.1 Introduction 130 K.2 Simple frequency relationships 130 K.3 Complex frequency relationships.130 K.3.1 Generation of intermediate frequency and/or its der
44、ivatives130 K.3.2 Generation of transmit/receive (TX/Rx) difference frequency.130 K.4 Intermodulation products .130 K.4.1 Generated external to the site .130 K.4.2 Intermodulation products generated on-site by non-linear junctions on the mast 131 K.4.3 Intermodulation products generated on-site by n
45、on-linearity in components of the system 131 K.5 Transmitter noise131 K.6 External electrical noise .132 K.7 Summary 132 Annex L (informative): Intermodulation interference133 L.1 Intermodulation spectrum.133 L.2 Products - combinations of two frequencies A and B excluding pure harmonics134 L.3 Inte
46、rmodulation products .137 Annex M (informative): Transmitter noise measurement.139 M.1 Introduction 139 M.2 Measurement system139 M.3 Measurement accuracy.140 M.4 Results 140 M.5 Explanation of plots143 M.6 Conclusions 143 Annex N (informative): Radiocommunications in confined spaces .144 N.1 System
47、s for radiocommunications in confined spaces.144 N.1.1 Design consideration 144 N.2 Typical characteristics of radiating cable.149 N.2.1 Environmental influences.149 N.2.2 Application example.150 N.3 Design example for confined space engineering150 N.3.1 Design example 150 N.3.2 Conditions 150 N.3.3
48、 Design procedure150 N.3.4 Conclusions 152 Annex O: Void 153 Annex P (informative): TETRA and Commercial System Parameters 154 Annex Q (informative): Future Systems - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) .155 Q.1 Introduction 155 Q.2 UMTS Requirements155 Q.3 Standardization.155 Q.4 Freq
49、uency allocations.155 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 9 Q.5 Global Standards 156 Q.6 On site considerations 156 Annex R (informative): Installations on High Voltage Electricity Towers - Guidelines157 R.1 General .157 R.1.1 Antenna Positioning .157 R.1.2 Links.157 R.1.3 Cabling .157 R.1.4 Power Supply .158 R.1.5 Safety158 History 159 ETSI ETSI EG 200 053 V1.5.1 (2004-06) 10 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly availab
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