1、 ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08)ETSI Guide Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Guide to the methods of measurement ofRadio Frequency (RF) fieldsETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 2 Reference DEG/ERM-TG27-006 Keywords measurement uncertainty, radio, site engineering ETSI
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6、. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2005. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks
7、currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 6 2 Re
8、ferences 6 3 Definitions and abbreviations.6 3.1 Definitions6 3.2 Abbreviations .7 4 Test conditions .7 4.1 General .7 4.2 Radio site information8 4.3 Test equipment requirements .8 4.3.1 General8 4.3.2 Wideband RF probes 8 5 RF field strength measurement.9 5.1 General .9 5.2 Method of measurement R
9、F field strengths using portable RF field strength measuring equipment, connected to a wide band probe .9 5.3 Method of measurement at specific frequencies to determine the relative RF field strengths, using RF field strength measuring equipment connected to a calibrated RF antenna10 Annex A (inform
10、ative): Personal monitors 11 A.1 General .11 Annex B (informative): Practical guidelines on the use of RF broadband probes.12 B.1 General .12 B.2 Characteristics of RF broadband probes 12 B.2.1 General construction.12 B.2.2 Detectors.12 B.2.2.1 Small signal diode detector.12 B.2.2.2 Bolometer (therm
11、istor) detector13 B.2.2.3 Thermo-element detector13 B.3 Measurement at radio sites.13 B.4 Calibration limitations13 Annex C (informative): A comparison of RF field strength measurement test results, using portable measuring equipment connected to broad-band probes.14 C.1 General .14 C.1.1 Methodolog
12、y 14 C.1.2 Conclusions 15 Annex D (informative): EMF measurement test results at a radio site.16 Annex E (informative): Bibliography.29 History 30 ETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declar
13、ed to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which i
14、s available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not re
15、ferenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). This ETSI Guide is d
16、edicated to the memory of Gerald H David OBE, founder and chairman of the Radio Site Engineering Task Group. His wise counsel and professional approach resulted in a number of practical standards being published to the benefit of the radio community and the wider engineering field. The present docum
17、ent is a guide to practical methods of measurement that can be used for the assessment of the radiated RF fields at radio sites and other locations where radio signals are encountered. Introduction The main objective of the present document is to set out guidelines in respect of methods of measureme
18、nt for radiated RF field strength, and to determine the level(s) in relation to the limits for RF energy levels set out in the harmonized standards for human exposure, published in the European Union (EU) Official Journal (OJ). These limits (Reference Levels) conform with the levels of RF energy con
19、tained in these standards which have been agreed as those limits that can be used to demonstrate conformity to the following European Community Directives. Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC (July 1999), on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)
20、2 and Directive 2004/40/EC 3 of the European Parliament and the Council of 29 April 2004, on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents electromagnetic fields (18thindividual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of
21、Directive 89/391/EEC). Prior to any measurement of the RF fields at locations other than radio sites, it is vital that a risk assessment is carried out to establish if there are radio transmitting equipment at the location or in the near vicinity. The information gathered from this assessment should
22、 be used to decide whether or not RF field measurements are necessary at the location. It is also important to carry out an assessment at radio sites, prior to the commencement of measurements. Set out in these guidelines are 2 sets of methods of measurement: Level 1: Level 1 is the measurement of R
23、F field strength, using portable measurement equipment connected to a broad-band probe, which enables the user to survey the area of the radio site and the boundary of the radio site, or any other location where RF fields are encountered, and to measure the RF field strengths present. This method of
24、 measurement can also be used to carry out regular audits of radio sites or any other location where RF fields are encountered and for measurements external to the radio site or other locations. ETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 5 Level 2: Level 2 is the measurement of RF field strength, using a
25、n instrument which has the capability of examining individual frequencies of interest. This type of instrument will normally be transportable, but may not be capable of battery operation. This approach is normally used to examine in more detail the measurements made in level 1. This method of measur
26、ement can be used on the radio site, or any other location where RF fields are encountered. The methods of measurement of RF field strength described in the present document use a radio site as the location for the measurement, but the methods described are applicable to any location where RF fields
27、 are encountered. NOTE: It is vital that the immunity of the instruments used to measure the RF field strength are such that they are capable of working, without degradation, and reproduce accurate results in the RF environments being investigated. Personal Monitors: There are propriety personal mon
28、itors available on the open market, but these are not covered by the present document, as they are used as field strength indicators, by personnel visiting and/or working on a radio site, and not for the measurement of field strength. Information regarding these devices can be found in an informativ
29、e annex A of the present document. Annex B of the present document sets out practical guidelines on the use of RF broadband probes. Annex C of the present document sets out a comparison of RF field strength measurement test results, using portable measuring equipment connected to broad- band RF prob
30、es. Annex D of the present document sets out the results of EMF measurements at a radio site, which is a good example of the type of RF environment, where a large mixture of radio services is present. ETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 6 1 Scope The present document provides a guide to practical
31、methods of measurement of RF fields encountered on Radio sites, including immediate surrounding area, and any other location where radiated RF fields are encountered. The measurements described are such that they should be carried out by a competent technician(s) with experience of working with RF e
32、quipment and its installation. The purpose of the present document is to cover: methods of measurement of Radiated RF fields; recommendations for the type of equipment required to carry out the measurement of Radiated RF fields. There are two types of measurement methods set out in the present docum
33、ent, which are based on those set out in the introduction. 2 References The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version
34、number) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http:/docbox.etsi.org/Reference. 1 Directive 19
35、99/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R details of the radio equipment installed on the radio site, frequency of operation, RF power, etc. This information is
36、useful when making the measurement of the field strength and for analysis of the measurement results; a plan or map of the site should be obtained; details of the location/dispersion of the radio equipment on the site, including antenna mast/tower and antenna location. This information is useful and
37、 is helpful with the recording of locations on the site and/or surrounding area, where measurements have been carried out, and also for future reference if changes are made to the site; security, safety, and site entry details, this is necessary as part of normal working practice; detail of areas su
38、rrounding the radio site with access to the general public. This is needed for protection of the general public; location of other radio sites in the vicinity, which is useful as the measurement results may be affected by the other radio site; health and safety requirements, which are necessary as p
39、art of normal working practice. NOTE 1: In many cases not all of the radio site information requested above is available, particularly where there are other adjacent radio sites. In these cases, measurements should be made as outlined in clause 5. NOTE 2: Although the list of information set out abo
40、ve is specific to radio sites, the information can be used where appropriate, as a guide for information required for any location where RF fields are encountered. 4.3 Test equipment requirements 4.3.1 General Examples of the test equipment used to carry out the field strength measurement are descri
41、bed in annex C and D. All test equipment used should be traceable to current National Standards, and be within its calibration date. The calibration of the test equipment should be carried out by an Accredited Test House, or by the manufacturer of the test equipment. 4.3.2 Wideband RF probes The cha
42、racteristics and performance and of these probes is set out in annex B of the present document. It follows from the information set out in the annex, that for radio site measurement or measurement at locations where RF fields exist, the recommended system to use would be a thermo-element detector wi
43、th the widest RF bandwidth. ETSI ETSI EG 202 373 V1.1.1 (2005-08) 9 5 RF field strength measurement 5.1 General The main objective of the RF field strength measurement is to determine the maximum levels of the field strength present at any part of a radio site and its surrounding area, or any other
44、location where RF fields are encountered. This can be achieved in the following way: 1) measurement using portable RF field strength measuring equipment connected to a wide band probe, which can be used to survey the radio site and the surrounding area, or any other location where RF fields are enco
45、untered; 2) measurements of the relative field strength at specifically identified frequencies of interest, using transportable equipment connected to a calibrated antenna, which can be used to survey the radio site and surrounding area or any other location where RF fields are encountered. The engi
46、neer/technician carrying out the measurements must be experienced/competent of the measurement of RF field strength. A test report of the measurements should be prepared, including the locations at which the measurements are made, together if possible with a plan or map of the radio site and surroun
47、ding area, or any other location where RF fields are encountered. All test equipment used in the measurement process should be calibrated as described in clause 4.3. 5.2 Method of measurement RF field strengths using portable RF field strength measuring equipment, connected to a wide band probe a) T
48、he test equipment will comprise of a hand held wide band calibrated probe/antenna, connected to a portable selective voltmeter/field strength meter (fsm), capable of broadband measurements over the frequency range covered by the probe. To cover the full frequency range of the measurement it may be n
49、ecessary to use more than one calibrated probe, and repeat the measurement for each of these wide band probes. b) The field strength measurement should start at a known location on the radio site map, and should used as the reference measurement point. This location should be recorded in the test report. Holding the wide band probe in a forward position, the test equipment should be moved slowly over the radio site, until an indication on the fsm is observed. If available the “peak hold“ facility of the measuring instrument should be used to find t
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