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4、tem (Phase 2+); Results of the AMR noise suppression selection phase (3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999) 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 1 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Reference RTR/TSGS-040678801 Keywords GSM ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-O6921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Te
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10、bers and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 2 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IP
11、Rs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (7PRs); Essential, orpotentially Essential, IPRs notlJied to ETSI in respect ofETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are avai
12、lable on the ETSI Web server (5). All published ETSI deliverables shall include information which directs the reader to the above source of information. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technica
13、l specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under ht tn : Nweb ann. et si. og;kev/aiier
14、vfom. asn . ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 3 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Contents Intellectual Property Rights 2 Foreword . 2 Foreword . 5 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.2.1 7.4.2.2 7.4.2.3 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7 7.4.8 7.4.9 7.4.9.1. 7.4.
15、9.2 Scope 6 References 6 Definitions and abbreviations . 6 Definitions 6 Abbreviations 7 General . 8 Project History 8 Overview of the AMR-NS Work Item . 8 Presentation of the following sections 9 Minimum Performance Requirements . 10 Comparison of Candidates by Subjective Means . 10 Selection Phase
16、 Listening Tests and Results 11 Summary of Selection Tests undertaken 11 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Minimum Performance Requirements . 13 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Comparison of Candidates 14 Graphical Representation of Results from all Formal Listening Tests . 15 Ex
17、periment 2: Degradation in Clean Speech (pair comparison test) 15 Experiment 3 : Artifacts and Clipping in Background Noise 16 Car Noise 16 Street Noise . 16 Babble Noise . 17 Experiment 4: Performance in Background Noise (5.9kbps AMR Speech Codec) 17 Experiment 5: Performance in Background Noise (1
18、2.2kbps AMR Speech Codec) 19 Experiment 6: Performance in BackgroundNoise with Channel Errors (Car Noise with 6dB SNR) 20 Experiment 7: Performance in BackgroundNoise with Channel Errors (Street Noise with 9dB SNR) . 21 Experiment 8: Performance in Car Noise with VAD/DTX active (VAD Option 1) . 22 E
19、xperiment 9: Performance in Street Noise with VAD/DTX active (VAD Option 2) . 23 Experiment 10: Influence of Input Signal Level and Special Noise Types 24 Influence of Input Level 24 Performance with Special Noise Types . 25 8 Design Constraints . 26 9 Impact on Voice Activity Factor VAF (with VAD/D
20、TX active) . 27 1 O Objective Performance Measurements . 27 1 1 Feasibility Study: Downlink Noise Suppression for AMR 28 Annex A: Key Selection Phase Documents . 29 Annex B: Selection Phase Test Plan . 30 Annex C: Global Analysis Spreadsheet 31 Annex D: Methodologies for Measuring Subjective SNR Imp
21、rovement 32 D1: CCR Experiments . 32 D2 : ACR Experiments . 33 Annex E: Methodology for NS performance evaluation by Objective Means . 35 ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 4 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Annex F: Methodology for Measuring Impact on Voice Activity Factor WAF) . 41 Anne
22、x G (informative): Change history . 46 History 47 ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 5 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Foreword This Technical Report has been produced by the 3d Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work wit
23、hin the TSG and may change following formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modiSl the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an identiSling change of release date and an increase in version number as follows: Version x.y.z where: x the first digit: 1 presented to TSG
24、for information; 2 presented to TSG for approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes ha
25、ve been incorporated in the document. ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 6 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) 1 Scope This technical report provides background information on the performance of the six candidates which were proposed as solutions for publication of an example noise suppressi
26、on solution for application to the GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec. Experimental test results from the speech quality related testing are reported to illustrate the behaviour of the candidate algorithms in multiple operational conditions. Additional information is also provided covering d
27、ata not necessarily directly associated with speech quality (such as complexity, delay, effect on voice activity factor). 2 Re fe re nces The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (i
28、dentified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific ref
29、erence implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as theyresent document. 11 2 3 GSM O 1.04: “Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Abbreviations and acronyms“. GSM 02.76: “Noise Suppression for the AMR Codec; Service Description; Stage 1“ GSM 03.50
30、: “Transmission planning aspects of the speech service in the GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) system“. GSM 06.08: “Digital cellular telecommunications system; Half rate speech; Performance of the GSM half rate speech codec“. GSM 06.55: “Digital cellular telecommunications system; Performance C
31、haracterisation of the GSM Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech codec“. GSM 06.75: “Digital cellular telecommunications system; ; Performance Characterisation of the GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec“. 4 5 6 3 3.1 Definitions and abbreviations De fi nit ions The following terminology is used thr
32、oughout this report. Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec; Speech and channel codec capable of operating at gross bit-rates of 11.4 kbit/s (“half-rate“) and 22.8 kbit/s (tfull-rate“). In addition, the codec may operate at various combinations of speech and channel coding (codec mode) bit-rates for each c
33、hannel mode. Channel mode; Half-rate or full-rate operation Codec mode; For a given channel mode, the bit partitioning between the speech and channel codecs. Error Patterns ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 7 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) Error Insertion Device; Result of offline simu
34、lations stored on files. To be used by the “Error Insertion Device“ to model the radio transmission from the output of the channel decoder and interleaver to the input of the deinterleaver and channel decoder. Full-rate (FR); Full-rate channel or channel mode Half-rate (HR); Half-rate channel or cha
35、nnel mode Toll Quality; Speech quality normally achieved on modern wireline telephones. Synonymous with “ISDN quality“. Wireline quality; Speech quality provided by modern wireline networks. Normally taken to imply quality at least as good as that of 32kbit/s G.726 or G.728 16 kbit/s codecs. 3.2 Abb
36、reviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: A/D ACR ADPCM AMR AMR-NS BSC BTS CCR C/I CI CNI CRC DIA DAT DCR DSP DTMF DTX EFR ESP FR FH G.726 G.728 G.729 GBER GSM HR IRS MNRU Mod. IRS MOPS MOS MS MSC PCM PSTN Q SD SID SMG SNR ITU-T TCH-AFS TCH-AHS Analogue
37、to Digital Absolute Category Rating Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation Adaptive Multi-Rate AMR Noise Suppression Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Comparison Category Rating Carrier-to-Interfere ratio Confidence Interval Comfort Noise Insertion Cyclic Redundancy Check Digital
38、 to Analogue Digital Audio Tape Degradation Category Rating Digital Signal Processor Dual Tone Multi Frequency Discontinuous Transmission for power consumption and interference reduction Enhanced Full Rate Product of E (Efficiency), S (Speed) and P (Percentage of Power) of the DSP Full Rate (also GS
39、M FR) Frequency Hopping ITU 16/24/32kbit/s ADPCM codec ITU 1 6kbit/s LD-CELP codec ITU 8/6.4/11.8 kbit/s speech codec Average gross bit error rate Global System for Mobile communications Half Rate (also GSM HR) Intermediate Reference System International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunications
40、Standardisation Sector Modulated Noise Reference Unit Modified IRS Million of Operation per Seconds Mean Opinion Score Mobile Station Mobile Switching Center Pulse Code Modulation Public Switched Telecommunications Network Speech-to-speech correlated noise power ratio in dB Standard Deviation Silenc
41、e Descriptor Special Mobile Group Signal To Noise Ratio Traffic CHannel Adaptive Full rate Speech Traffic CHannel Adaptive Half rate Speech ETSI 3GPP TR 06.78 version 8.0.1 Release 1999 8 ETSI TR 101 831 V8.0.1 (2003-03) TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TFO Tandem Free Operation tMOPS TUX VAD Voic
42、e Activity Detector VAF Voice Activity Factor wMOPS true Million of Operations per Seconds Typical Urban at multipath propagation profile at x km/s weighted Million of Operations per Seconds Multiple Error Patterns were used during the Characterisation tests. They are identified by the propagation E
43、rror Conditions from which they are derived. The following conventions are used: ECx Error Conditions at x dB C/I simulating a radio channel under static C/I using ideal Frequency Hopping in a TU3 multipath propagation profile For abbreviations not given in this sub-clause, see GSM O1 .O4 i. 4 4.1 G
44、eneral Project History In June 1998 during SMG#26, SMG approved a Work Item to develop and standardise a noise suppression solution for the Adaptive Multi-rate (AMR) speech codec. SMG11 have carried out this work since September 1998 (SMG11#7). The work in SMG11 focussed on the preparations for a Se
45、lection Phase with the intention of choosing an example optional noise suppression solution. In the course of this work, documentation covering Requirements 2, Design Constraints, Selection Phase Deliverables, Selection Phase Rules, and a Selection Phase Test Plan were drafted. In August 1999 the Se
46、lection Phase commenced. Six Noise Suppression algorithms were submitted as candidates. The algorithm proposals came from Ericsson (NS5), Matra Norte1 Communications (MNC) (NS4), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (NSl), Motorola (NS6), Nokia (NS3) and Siemens AG (NS2). Testing of candidate solutions w
47、as carried out during September-November 1999, and the listening test results were analysed at two meetings: SMG11#13 (December 1999) and SMG11#14 (January 2000). Listening test results and deliverables from proponents (technical descriptions of the algorithms, analysis of compliance to design const
48、raints, additional information such as objective measurements) were reviewed within SMG11. SMG11 were not able to reach a consensus on selecting an example solution, and as a consequence the deliverables from the Work Item were amended during SMG#3 1 to comprise of a specification defining Recommend
49、ed Minimum Performance Requirements TBA, an associated Subjective Listening Test Plan, and a Technical Report recording all pertinent information arising from the Selection Phase. This document forms the latter deliverable. 4.2 Overview of the AMR-NS Work Item The Work Item covered the development of a noise suppression algorithm as an example optional feature designed to enhance speech quality in a range of environments where there is significant (acoustic) background noise. The noise suppression function is a preprocessing
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