1、 ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08)Technical Report Transmission and Multiplexing (TM);Study on the electromagnetic radiated fieldin fixed radio systems for environmental issuesETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 2 Reference DTR/TM-04135 Keywords access, antenna, DFRS, DRRS, EMC, radio ETSI 650 Rout
2、e des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded
3、from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall
4、 be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is availab
5、le at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The cop
6、yright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2006. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently
7、 being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights5 Foreword.5 1 Scope 6 2 References 6 3 Definitions
8、, symbols and abbreviations .7 3.1 Definitions7 3.2 Symbols8 3.3 Abbreviations .9 4 Some properties of fixed radio systems9 4.1 General .9 4.1.1 Frequency bands .9 4.1.2 Transmit power levels.9 4.1.3 Antennas .9 4.1.3.1 Directive antennas.9 4.1.3.2 Sectorial antennas .10 4.2 Point-to-point communica
9、tion systems 10 4.3 Multipoint communication systems10 5 Antenna properties .10 5.1 Near-field - Far-field concept.10 5.2 Emission parameters.11 5.3 Parameter description.11 5.4 Relationship between parameters (V/m, W/m2) 11 5.5 Variation with distance and power .11 6 Exposure limits.12 6.1 General
10、public exposure.12 6.2 Occupational exposure .12 7 Calculations and measurements of power density12 7.1 General .12 7.2 Far-field power density 13 7.3 Near-field power density 13 7.4 Power density upper bound 14 8 Assessment of compliance to limits .14 8.1 General .14 8.2 Compliance boundaries evalu
11、ation.15 8.3 Tabulated values.17 Annex A: Power density calculations .19 A.1 Near-field calculations using the Fresnel transform.19 A.1.1 Region of validity.19 A.1.2 Scaling factors 19 A.1.3 Electric field calculation.20 A.1.4 Results 20 A.1.4.1 High frequency approximation .20 A.1.4.2 Results using
12、 realistic tapers.21 Annex B: Simulations and measurements .23 B.1 Simulations and measurements of a 0,24 m 38 GHz antenna 23 B.1.1 FEKO simulations of a 0,24 m 38 GHz antenna 23 B.1.1.1 Physical layout of the antenna 23 B.1.1.2 On-axis results 24 ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 4 B.1.1.3 Off-
13、axis results24 B.1.2 Measurements.25 B.1.2.1 Test setup25 B.1.2.2 On-axis results 26 B.1.2.3 Off-axis results26 B.1.3 Conclusions 27 B.2 Simulations and measurements of a 0,6 m 8,1 GHz antenna .27 B.2.1 Simulation model and test device.27 B.2.2 Measurement setup.27 B.2.3 Measurement results.29 B.2.3
14、.1 Measurement result with absorber29 B.2.3.2 Measurement result without absorber.30 B.2.4 Comparison of measurement and calculations .30 B.2.5 Conclusions 31 B.3 RFS investigation on antennas from 5 to 38 GHz32 B.3.1 Detailed analysis of a 7 GHz antenna (2 feet) and a 19 GHz antenna (1 foot).32 B.3
15、.1.1 Description of test cases .32 B.3.1.2 Simulations .33 B.3.1.3 Simulation results .35 B.3.1.4 Measurement setup .37 B.3.1.5 Measurement results .37 B.3.1.6 Evaluation of the factor F .38 B.3.1.7 Conclusions.39 B.3.2 Power density measurement on the axis.39 B.3.2.1 Description test cases39 B.3.2.
16、2 Description of the envelope template40 B.3.2.3 Measurement and calculation results on the axis using inner diameter 41 B.3.2.4 Proposal of envelope template using outer diameter 41 B.3.3 Rationale for using SAR below 10 GHz 42 B.3.4 Conclusions 43 B.4 Simulations using SRSR tool on 8 GHz and 13 GH
17、z antennas43 B.4.1 SRSR 43 B.4.2 Factor F, peak to average ratio .43 B.4.3 Antenna data.44 B.4.4 Simulation results 8 GHz .45 B.4.5 Simulation results 13 GHz .47 B.4.6 Modified FCC model50 B.4.7 SRSR results versus the new envelope template 50 B.4.7.1 8 GHz and 13 GHz antennas.50 B.4.7.2 New 8 GHz 1
18、,2 m diameter antennas .50 B.4.7.3 Focal distance parametric analysis with new 8 and 13 GHz 1,2 m diameter antennas .51 History 53 ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 5 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The
19、information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from
20、 the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI
21、 SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Transmission and Multiplexing (TM). ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 6 1 Scope The presen
22、t document provides guidelines on how to evaluate the electromagnetic fields in the main beam of fixed radio system (Point to Point / Point to Multipoint / Multipoint to Multipoint) using circular parabolic antennas for compliance assessment with human exposure limits. The RTTE Directive article 3.1
23、a 1, states health and safety as an essential requirement. 1999/519/EC 2 gives recommended limits for exposure to electromagnetic fields based on the ICNIRP guidelines 4. The present document uses these exposure limits for comparison with calculations and measurements reported. The methodology given
24、 is in line with EN 50383 5 and may help in the compliance assessment of the above mentioned systems. Definitions from this standard are used in the present document where appropriate. Sector antennas are under study and currently not included in the present document. The maximum power density evalu
25、ation is based on calculations and measurements performed with the most common configurations and the values are tabulated. The measurement and calculation results on real systems that have been used to establish the method are also provided to give an estimation on the accuracy of the method adopte
26、d. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: 1 Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (RTTE-direct
27、ive). 2 Council Recommendation (1999/519/EC) of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). 3 Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding
28、the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields). 4 ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics April 1998, Volume 74, Number 4:494-522. 5 CENELEC EN 50383: (2002): “Ba
29、sic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunications systems (110 MHz - 40 GHz)“. 6 ETSI EN 302 217-1: “Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requir
30、ements for point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 1: Overview and system-independent common characteristics“. 7 ETSI EN 302 326: “Fixed Radio Systems; Multipoint Equipment and Antennas“. 8 ETSI TR 102 243-1: “Fixed Radio Systems; Representative values for transmitter power and antenna gain to s
31、upport inter- and intra-compatibility and sharing analysis; Part 1: Digital point-to-point systems“. 9 OET Bulletin No. 56: “Questions and Answers About Biological Effects Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields“, (US-) Federal Communications Commission- Office of Engineering and
32、Technology (OET) (4. Ed., August 1999). 10 OET Bulletin No. 65: “Evaluating Compliance With FCC Guide lines for Human Exposure to Radio frequency Electromagnetic Fields“, (US-) Federal Communications Commission- Office of Engineering and Technology (OET). 11 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
33、Magazine TECHNICAL INFORMATION STATEMENT ON: “Human Exposure to Microwaves and Other Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields“, vol.14, 1995 no.3, p.336-337. ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 7 12 IEEE Transact. EMC: “Rapid Calculation of Near-field Fluence of High Power Microwave Antennas“. 13 “A
34、dvanced engineering electromagnetics“, Balanis. 14 “Aperture Antennas and Diffraction Theory“, Jull. 15 “Electromagnetic Radiation from Selected Telecommunication Systems“, Petersen. 16 “Microwave Frequency Radiation Power Densities from 4 GHz and 6 GHz Radio Relay“, Hathaway. 17 “Circular-Aperture
35、Axial Power Density“, Hansen. 18 “Avoidance of radiation hazards from microwave antennas“, Shinn. 19 Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on: “Measurements of Near-fields of Antennas and Scatterers“, Dyson. 20 “Antenna Power Densities in the Fresnel Region“, Bickmore and Hansen. 21 ETSI EG 20
36、2 373: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guide to the methods of measurement of Radio Frequency (RF) fields“. 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: antenna: device t
37、hat serves as a transducer between a guided wave (e.g. coaxial cable) and a free space wave, or vice versa antenna gain: ratio of the maximum radiation intensity from an (assumed lossless) antenna to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the same power were radiated isotropically by a si
38、milarly lossless antenna basic restrictions: restrictions on exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields that are based directly on established health effects NOTE: In the frequency range from 110 MHz to 10 GHz, the physical quantity used is the specific absorption rate (
39、SAR). Between 10 GHz and 300 GHz, the physical quantity is the power density. Base Station (BS): radio base stations and/or fixed terminal stations intended for use in wireless telecommunications networks compliance boundary: volume outside which any point of investigation is deemed to be compliant
40、with exposure limits NOTE: Outside the compliance boundary, the exposure levels do not exceed the basic restrictions irrespective of the time of exposure. Electric field strength (E): magnitude of a field vector at a point that represents the force (F) on a positive small charge (q) divided by the c
41、harge NOTE: Electric field strength is expressed in units of volt per metre (V/m). Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP): product of the power supplied to the antenna and the maximum antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna NOTE: EIRP = G * P where: P is the emitted power; G is the max
42、imum gain of the antenna relative to an isotropic antenna ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 8 Equipment Under Test (EUT): device (such as transmitter, base station or antenna as appropriate) that is the subject of the specific test investigation being described Point Of Investigation (POI): loca
43、tion in space at which the value of E-field, H-field, Power flux density or SAR is evaluated NOTE: This location is defined in cartesian, cylindrical or spherical co-ordinates relative to the reference point on the EUT. Power flux density (S): power per unit area normal to the direction of electroma
44、gnetic wave propagation radio base station: radio base station, usually associated with the network, comprises the hardware, including transceivers, necessary to transmit and receive radio signals NOTE: Radio base stations with integrated antennas, radio base stations with connectors for external an
45、tennas and radio base stations intended for use with external antennas not supplied by the same manufacturer are covered. In EN 50383 5, radio base stations are covered by the term “base station“. Radio Frequency (RF): for purposes of these safety considerations, the frequency range of interest is 1
46、10 MHz to 300 GHz Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): time derivative of the incremental energy (dW) absorbed by (dissipated in) an incremental mass (dm) contained in a volume element (dV) of given mass density () NOTE 1: SAR =ddtdWdm =ddtdWdV SAR is expressed in units of watt per kilogram (W/kg). NOTE
47、2: SAR can be calculated by: SAR = Ei2where: Eiis rms value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m is conductivity of body tissue in S/m is density of body tissue in kg/m33.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: Normalized variable for the anten
48、na radius (0,1) Factor for spatial averaging Wavelength (m) Antenna aperture efficiency (see annex A, equation A.5) a Radius of the antenna (m), a=D/2 A Geometric antenna aperture (m2) A0 Reference area 20 cm2for spatial averaging CDlosCompliance distance in the line of sight Din Inner diameter of t
49、he antenna (m) Dout Outer diameter of the antenna (m) E Electromagnetic field (V/m) G Antenna gainm0Reference mass 10 g for spatial averaging P Power transmitted by the antenna r Distance between the point of investigation and the antenna Rff Far-field distance RlimExtension of compliance bondary ETSI ETSI TR 102 457 V1.1.1 (2006-08) 9 S Power density (W/m2) at distance r (m) from the antenna SffPower density at a distance Rff from the antenna SlimApplicable legislation limit SmaxMaximum po
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