1、 ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04)Technical Report Environmental Engineering (EE);Better determination of equipment energy consumptionfor improved sizing of power plantETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 2 Reference DTR/EE-00003 Keywords environment, rack ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia
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6、iction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2007. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for
7、the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope 7 2 References 7 3 Definitions and abbreviati
8、ons.8 3.1 Definitions8 3.2 Abbreviations .9 4 Study Design and Power Measurements 9 5 Data and Analysis.9 6 Proposal for Standardized Power Draw Values .12 7 Conclusion12 Annex A: Implications for Cooling Systems13 History 14 ETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs
9、essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or pote
10、ntially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried
11、out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
12、 Environmental Engineering (EE). The opportunity for energy reduction in telecom network systems by re-sizing power plants and battery reserves merits examination for several reasons: 1) the increasing use of broadband equipment and the move to next generation systems; 2) the increasing sophisticati
13、on of rectification equipment; 3) the increasing sophistication of control software; 4) pressure to utilize alternate energy sources. This paper posits that better data on DC power consumption of equipment can assist in using power plant equipment at its most efficient loading. The difference in des
14、ign point and operating conditions is especially wide for radio frequency equipment and potentially for next generation IP based systems as well. Hence, mobility equipment is used as an example of the savings attainable if operators had access to more precise and specific power consumption data. The
15、 proposal to use power plant equipment more efficiently offers a cost effective way to conserve energy resources. Introduction Telecom Network Operators have expressed great concern about the energy costs associated with the operation of their telecommunications networks 1, 2. In parallel European a
16、nd US bodies such as the EUs Joint Research Centre and the US Department of Energy are considering ways to legislate energy saving features and efficiency targets into broadband equipment 3, 7. In addition, energy consumption during the customer use phase has been identified as the aspect with great
17、est environmental impact (global warming from electric utility greenhouse gas emissions) during the product lifecycle of a piece of broadband network infrastructure equipment 8, 9.Historically, power plants for Network Infrastructure Equipment have been sized at the same power draw as protection equ
18、ipment such as AC breakers. This same maximum figure was then used to estimate yearly energy usage and battery backup resulting in an overestimate of power consumption. Plants were also sized for growth. This was appropriate when the industry emphasized robust design and had a centralized telecom in
19、frastructure design. More recent trends require that the telecom industry re-examine how power is sized to see if efficiencies can be gained. Examples of these trends include: 1) the development of broadband technologies; 2) advances in shelf power management; 3) the move to highly distributed telec
20、om networks with smaller modular power supplies closer to the datacom equipment; 4) improvements in rectifier designs and the Code of Conduct for Uninteruptable Power Supplies 10. ETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 5 Older DC power systems can be greatly improvement by adding automatic functional
21、ity into the supervisory control system, without hardware replacement 11. Another motivation for taking a more aggressive approach to power management is that the number of batteries required for a given amount of battery backup is reduced. This gives one more area for improvement in the carbon emis
22、sions data telecom companies are asked to provide 12. Designing a distributed network of information infrastructure equipment usually involves standardizing on a particular size of power and battery plan in order to streamline ordering and installation. A one-size-fits-all scheme invites excess cons
23、ervatism. One of the advances for classic wireline products (access equipment, POTS service, switching, etc.) is in shelf power management. Shelf units receive distributed power along with thermal management. In standardized architectures such as ATCA, the shelf controller provides this function. Ma
24、ny proprietary designs have the same function available. It is a short step from this to system configuration that can be set up to spread traffic load across cards providing better options for thermal management, system life and energy savings. Broadband equipment such as wireless base station equi
25、pment has two complicating characteristics where energy efficiency is concerned: equipment consumes considerable power even in a quiescent state and the average power consumption will vary from expected if the output power calibration is set at a different point than the specified design point. The
26、Broadband Code of Conduct aims to address this issue for DSL equipment, especially customer premises equipment 13. There is less consensus on how to minimize power consumption for Network Infrastructure Equipment (NIE) 5, 7. In fact, the power consumption for NIE equipment, especially mobility base
27、station and next generation equipment may increase if telecommunications continues to be seen as a solution to global climate change 14 and 15. In wireless base station equipment, there is an irony that the more efficient the RF amplifiers the more traffic patterns effect power consumption. Currentl
28、y, only a small number of sites (20 %) deployed in worldwide are near full traffic load. Busy hour traffic usually reaches 50 % of theoretical limit. Pilot, page and sync, those are 15-25 % quiescent. Given the industry trend of convergent networks and the move to distributed systems, conservative p
29、ower plant design may not be needed to the extent it was in the past. Monitoring software can adjust centralized power plants. In distributed systems “smart“ rectifiers are capable of providing amperage above their average rated power on a short-term basis allowing engineers to reduce the number of
30、rectifiers needed for peak loads and redundancy 16. The efficiency of some rectifiers types drops considerably below 50 % loading. Above 50 % loading, the variation is modest, but measurable, ranging from 85 % to 90 % when losses in connectors and cables are included. Todays rectifiers can be used o
31、n a wider range of power, so that low loads are more frequent. The need for rectifier redundancy, sizing for expected growth in capacity, battery recharge and short term peak power needs may add up to a power plant that is being utilized at less than 100 % loading. DC rectifiers systems are dependan
32、t to load. Improvements are possible by adjusting the power load of the cabinet to get acceptable efficiency of each rectifier. The rectifier load depends on redundancy and battery autonomy. Battery autonomy impacts the power reserved to charge correctly the batteries, because it is often recommende
33、d for correct charge to have at C10 charge rate. For 10 h battery autonomy, the current equals C10/10. EXAMPLE: A 100 A system with 10 hours autonomy has 1 000 Ah battery that needs 100 A to be correctly recharged. If the system supplies 50 A, the load will be of 25 % which is not the maximum effici
34、ency point. This is a 1+1 system at 50 % load. Actual rectifier load rate is calculated for n+1 redundancy at different loads. Figure 1 shows example of DC system and rectifier efficiency dependence to load. ETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 6 Efficiency 100% Nominal Power of Rectifier String Fi
35、gure 1: Rectifier Efficiency as a Function of Load Industry trends point to the need to obtain accurate information on DC power consumption that can be used by Telecom Network Operators to size power plants and cooling systems and to forecast electric utility bills 1. Forecasting electric demands wi
36、ll be particularly important with increasing pressure to move to renewable sources of fuel 17. In this paper, one type of broadband equipment, mobility base station equipment, is used to provide a starting set of data with which to build a traffic model appropriate to next generation networks. ETSI
37、ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 7 1 Scope The present document presents an analysis of power draw data for mobile phone infrastructure equipment collected in the field. The power draw of in-use conditions of large systems at both lightly and heavily used sites is compared to the design points for t
38、he equipment in operation. The analysis and conclusions for this brief study has implications for other types of broadband and central office equipment. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause wer
39、e valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 1 ETNOs 2006 Sustainability Report (www.etno.be). 2 US Telecom Carrier Group Energy Summit, March 13-14, 2007 Baltimore, MD. Press release published. 3 Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Counci
40、l of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. 4 GREEN PAPER on Energy Efficiency or Doing More With Less, Eur
41、opean Commission, 2005; http:/europa.eu/ and Consultation on new regulations on ecodesign requirements for energy-using products at http:/www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/ecodesign-energy/index.htm. 5 Review draft EuP study on Standby/Off mode power losses by Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen, Report for Te
42、nder No. TREN/D1/40 lot 6 -2005 EuP Lot 6 - Task 1 30 August 2006; http:/www.ecostandby.org/. 6 “Strategic Implications of Energy Policy on the Electronics Sector“; proposed Research Roadmap by Robert Parkherst, Michele Blasek, Frank Teng. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Elec
43、tronics and the Environment, May 8-11, 2006, San Francisco, CA USA. 7 “US Residential Information Technology Energy Consumption in 2005 and 2010“; final report prepared for the US Department of Energy, Building Technology Program by Kurt W. Roth, Ratcharit Ponoum, Fred Goldstein, March 2006. 8 ISO 1
44、4001: Management Of Sustainable Product Design by Roger Olds, Kathleen Donnelly, Elizabeth Kujan. Proceedings of Sustainable Innovation 05, 10th International Conference, 24 EUROPEAN COMMISSION; DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE; Institute for the Environment and Sustainability; Renewable En
45、ergies Unit; Final v1- 19 July 2006; http:/re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/index.htm. ETSI ETSI TR 102 531 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 8 14 ETNO-WWF report titled: Saving the climate the speed of light. First roadmap for reduced CO2 emissions in the EU and beyond: http:/www.etno.be/Portals/34/ETNO%20Docum
46、ents/Sustainability/Climate%20Change%20Road%20Map.pdf. 15 Global e-Sustainability Imitative Position Statement www.gesi.org. 16 Improving Power System Efficiency as Much as Possible by Xie Yong Ming EE29TD36 and meeting presentation from Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Sep. 30, 2006. 17 Tackling Climat
47、e Change in the U.S,. Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030; Charles F. Kutscher, Editor January 2007; www.ases.org/climatechange. 18 Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption in Central Offices. 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the
48、purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: 3-sigma maximum = statistical maximum: value three standard deviations above the mean value for a set of measured numbers NOTE: This is also the probabilistic maximum, i.e. it assumes that it not highly improbable that all
49、components will operate at their maximum power draw simultaneously. 6-sigma maximum = absolute maximum: value six standard deviations above the mean value for a set of measured numbers NOTE: For practical purposes, this is the absolute maximum and equivalent to the value of power draw for all components operating at their maximum simultaneously. Advanced TCA (ACTA): industry initiative to create a new board and chassis form factor specification optimized for communications NOTE: It is being developed within
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