ETSI TR 102 649-1-2007 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) Technical characteristics of RFID in the UHF Band System Reference Document for Radio Frequenc_1.pdf

1、 ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04)Technical Report Electromagnetic compatibilityand Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Technical characteristics of RFID in the UHF Band;System Reference Document forRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) equipment;Part 1: RFID equipment operating in the range from 865 MHz

2、to 868 MHzfloppy3 ETSI ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 2 Reference DTR/ERM-RM-251-1 Keywords radio, short range, system, testing, SRDoc ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Associat

3、ion but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perc

4、eived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should

5、be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following servic

6、es: http:/portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2007. All rights reserved.

7、 DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP O

8、rganizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights5 Foreword.5 Introduction 5 1 Scope 7 2 References 7 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .9 3.1 Definitions9 3.2 Symbols9 3.3 Abbreviations .9 4 Executive summary 10 4.1 Status of the System R

9、eference Document.11 4.2 Market information.11 4.3 Technical issues11 5 Current regulation 12 6 Proposed regulation13 7 Main conclusions14 8 Requested ECC, ETSI and EC actions.15 Annex A: Detailed market information .17 A.1 Range of applications and market size .17 Annex B: Technical information 18

10、B.1 Detailed technical description 18 B.2 Technical justification for re-organization of existing spectrum between 865 MHz and 868 MHz. .21 B.2.1 Power21 B.2.2 Frequency.21 Annex C: Expected compatibility issues 22 C.1 Coexistence and sharing issues with other SRDs.22 Annex D: Joint ERM TG28/TG34 fe

11、asibility study23 D.1 Executive summary 24 D.2 Background 25 D.3 Calculation method.25 D.3.1 Interference criteria 25 D.3.1.1 Co-channel interference25 D.3.2 Characteristics of systems 25 D.3.2.1 Victim and Interferer characteristics26 D.3.2.1.1 Summary victim receiver characteristics .26 D.3.2.1.2

12、Summary of interfering transmitter characteristics .26 D.4 Calculation models.26 D.4.1 Deterministic model .26 D.4.1.1 General26 D.4.1.2 Nominal receiver signal 26 D.4.1.3 Indoor propagation model used for deterministic method 27 D.4.1.4 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) and protection distance 27 ETSI ET

13、SI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 4 D.4.1.4.1 Co-channel 27 D.4.2 Probabilistic method.28 D.4.2.1 Minimum coupling loss 28 D.4.2.2 Propagation models.28 D.4.2.2.1 In- door propagation model.29 D.4.2.2.2 Urban model29 D.4.2.2.3 Rural model.29 D.4.2.3 Number of interfering units 29 D.4.2.4 Probability

14、of antenna pattern, time, and frequency collision31 D.4.2.4.1 Probability of alignment of antenna main beams .31 D.4.2.4.2 Added probability for antenna sidelobes.31 D.4.2.4.3 Probability for frequency overlap .31 D.4.2.4.3.1 Phenomena modelled by universal PFREQ_COLformula .31 D.4.2.4.3.2 Definitio

15、n of the frequency collision events31 D.4.2.4.3.3 Formula for frequency collision 33 D.4.2.4.4 Probability for time collision.33 D.4.3 Cumulative probability of interference.33 D.4.3.1 Comments on calculations of interference probability .34 D.5 Presentation of calculated results .34 D.5.1 Determini

16、stic method .34 D.5.1.1 Protection distances for co-channel interference 34 D.6 Effect of LBTrfidin RFID receivers34 D.7 Probabilistic interference calculations36 D.7.1 Cumulative probability of interference.36 D.8 Conclusions of the feasibility study .38 D.9 Excel spread sheets for calculations.38

17、Annex E: Dense interrogator scenario and test results 39 Annex F: International Air Transport Association 45 History 46 ETSI ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 5 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The informati

18、on pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI

19、 Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 3

20、14 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). The present document includes necessary

21、 information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT). The present document is part 1 of a multipart deliverable covering Technical characteristics of RF

22、ID in the UHF Band; System Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) equipment, as identified below: Part 1: “RFID equipment operating in the range from 865 MHz to 868 MHz“; Part 2: “(UHF) RFID - Additional spectrum requirement“. Introduction The current requirements for RFID at U

23、HF are governed by several inter-related documents. The two most relevant European documents are the ERC Recommendation 70-03 and the ETSI Standard EN 302 208 2. In addition the EC has recently approved its Decision on RFID at UHF. The recommendations in annex 11 of ERC/REC 70-03 1 form the basis fo

24、r the national interface regulations. Currently RFID devices transmitting at levels up to 2 W e.r.p. (33 dBm) are constrained to use 10 channels, each of 200 kHz in the range 865,6 MHz to 867,6 MHz. Before each transmission the RFID interrogator must perform a listen before talk (LBT) cycle for a pe

25、riod of 5 ms. It may only transmit if no signals are received at levels greater than 0,25 pW (-96 dBm). The maximum period of continuous transmission is 4 s, after which, if the system stays on the same channel, transmission must cease for a period of not less than 100ms. If the interrogator changes

26、 channel it may immediately transmit (subject to the LBTrfid requirements). If the LBTrfidcheck detects a busy channel, the interrogator can search other channels, until a free one is found. Alternatively the interrogator can wait on a channel until it becomes free. This worked well in low reader de

27、nsity environments. In real-world deployments the reader density is not random, but frequently is in a series of clusters. A distribution centre or manufacturing facility, for example, may have many readers in close proximity. The spacing to the next cluster in another facility is random but is alwa

28、ys greater than the distance between readers within the cluster. In such higher density environments the existing 10 channels soon become saturated. The ability for readers to switch frequencies to gain channel access means that in dense reader applications, all of the channels are occupied for much

29、 of the time. For example in order to provide acceptable access to channels at a distribution centre during busy loading periods, only 20 dock doors (i.e. interrogators) can be operated simultaneously. This is clearly a significant operational limitation. In dense reader environments an SRD will hav

30、e difficulties in getting access to a channel, as it will have to compete with other RFID interrogators. This is further complicated by the fact that unless the SRD is physically close to the interrogator it will not be detected by the interrogators LBTrfid. ETSI ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 6

31、 The problem of channel capacity is overcome by interrogators simultaneously sharing the same channel. Under the existing regulations this is only possible by means of synchronization. This technique requires that the mandatory LBTrfidoperation is synchronized in time between a group of interrogator

32、s. It has proved successful in tests and there are several methods of synchronization that permit this type of operation. It has further been shown in large scale tests on synchronization that only 4 channels are absolutely necessary, provided these are evenly spaced across the 10 designated channel

33、s. The release of the remaining channels from high power use also brings benefits to SRDs since co-existence with the low level response from the tags is more readily achievable. While synchronization overcomes the problem of channel capacity, it still lacks operational certainty. An outside interfe

34、ring signal can quickly bring a busy distribution centre to a halt. This is a real concern to end users, and for many makes the technology unacceptable. Consequently end users have been pressing for the removal of LBTrfidfrom the four high power channels as a potential solution. The present document

35、 analyses the impact of removal of LBTrfidfrom the four high power channels and its effect on both RFID and other generic SRDs in the band. It also proposes a new channel plan for enhanced spectrum efficiency for RFID as well as generic SRDs operating in the range of 865 MHz to 868 MHz. ETSI ETSI TR

36、 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 7 1 Scope The present document applies to RFID systems operating in the UHF frequency band from 865 MHz to 868 MHz. It defines RFID systems that are used in item management, logistics and in a wide range of applications such as: automatic article identification; asset tra

37、cking; airline baggage handling; security and alarm systems; waste management; proximity sensors, anti-theft systems; location systems; data transfer to handheld devices; automotive and general manufacturing automation; wireless control systems; animal identification; and transport and logistics. Mo

38、st of these applications require reading ranges of at least 2 meter that cannot be provided by alternative technologies and at other frequencies. Logistics and item management together with other major applications must frequently operate in dense installation situations. This is not feasible with t

39、he present channel allocation plan as identified in ERC/REC 70-03 1, annex 11 and in EN 302 208 2. The present document describes a new channel plan within the designated frequency range that will lead to a more efficient spectrum usage. It will enable end users to operate RFID interrogators at high

40、 densities with greater data throughput, improved reading performance and reliable availability of channels. The present document does not contain proposals for additional spectrum. This will be defined in TR 102 649-2 16 . The proposals in the present document will reduce the number of channels nec

41、essary for powering RFID interrogators at power levels up to 2 W e.r.p. This improvement in spectrum efficiency will also benefit generic SRDs using Listen Before Talk with Adaptive Frequency Agility. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: NOTE:

42、While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 1 CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03: “Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)“; 31 Oct 06. 2 ETSI EN 302 208 (V1.1.2) (all parts): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spe

43、ctrum Matters (ERM); Radio Frequency Identification Equipment operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with power levels up to 2 W“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 649-1 V1.1.1 (2007-04) 8 3 ETSI TR 101 445 (V1.1.1): “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Short-Range Devices (SRD) intende

44、d for operation in the 862 MHz to 870 MHz band; System Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) equipment“. 4 ETSI ERM TG34 meeting 12, documents 12-06, 12-07, 12-11r1: “Report of trial, part 1 and part 2“ and “RFID use in Europe“. 5 ETSI/B57(06) 55r1: “RFID a strategic topic for

45、 ETSI in 2007“. 6 Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R Official Journal of the European Union, L 91/10 ff, 07 April 1999. 7 CEPT ECC(06) 097Rev2

46、-annex 17-Report 2nd Mandate for SRDs Strategy.doc: “Final report from CEPT in response to the Second EC Mandate to CEPT to develop a strategy to improve the effectiveness and flexibility of spectrum availability for Short Range Devices (SRDs)“ . 8 ETSI ERM TG34 meeting 14, document 14-18: “Letter f

47、rom IATA“. 9 ISO/IEC 18000-6 (1st edition; 15 August 2004): “Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz“. 10 ISO/IEC 18000-6 (2004) AMD1 (E) (19 June 2006): “Information Technology - Radio fr

48、equency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz, AMENDMENT 1: Extension with Type C and update of Types A and B“. 11 CEPT ECC Report 37: “Compatibility of planned SRD applications with currently existing radiocommunication applic

49、ations in the frequency band 863-870 MHz“. 12 EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols, Class-1 Generation 2 UHF RFID (Version 1.0.9, 31 January 2005): “Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz“. NOTE: Available at http:/www.epcglobalinc.org/standards/. 13 Commission Decision of 23 November 2006 on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for radio frequency identification (RFID)devices operating in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band, (2006/804/EG). Official Journal of the European Union, L 329/64. 14 ETSI EN 30