FAA 14 CFR PART 23-2011 Airworthiness standards normal utility acrobatic and commuter category airplanes《适航性标准 常规类 通用类 特技类和通勤类飞机》.pdf

1、182 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition) Pt. 23 (c) Changes by persons other than the manu-facturer. No design change by any person (other than the manufacturer who provided the statement of conformance for the arti-cle) is eligible for approval under this part unless the person seeking the approval is a man

2、ufacturer and applies under 21.603(a) for a separate TSO authorization. Persons other than a manufacturer may obtain approval for design changes under part 43 or under the applicable airworthiness regulations of this chapter. 21.620 Changes in quality system. After the issuance of a TSO authoriza-ti

3、on (a) Each change to the quality system is subject to review by the FAA; and (b) The holder of the TSO authorization must immediately notify the FAA, in writ-ing, of any change that may affect the in-spection, conformity, or airworthiness of its article. 21.621 Issuance of letters of TSO design app

4、roval: import articles. (a) The FAA may issue a letter of TSO de-sign approval for an article (1) Designed and manufactured in a foreign country or jurisdiction subject to the export provisions of an agreement with the United States for the acceptance of these articles for import; and (2) For import

5、 into the United States if (i) The State of Design certifies that the article has been examined, tested, and found to meet the applicable TSO or the applicable performance standards of the State of Design and any other performance standards the FAA may prescribe to provide a level of safe-ty equival

6、ent to that provided by the TSO; and (ii) The manufacturer has provided to the FAA one copy of the technical data required in the applicable performance standard through its State of Design. (b) The FAA issues the letter of TSO de-sign approval that lists any deviation grant-ed under 21.618. PART 23

7、AIRWORTHINESS STAND-ARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACRO-BATIC, AND COMMUTER CAT-EGORY AIRPLANES SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. 23 Subpart AGeneral Sec. 23.1 Applicability. 23.2 Special retroactive requirements. 23.3 Airplane categories. Subpart BFlight GENERAL 23.21 Proof of compliance. 23.23 Load

8、distribution limits. 23.25 Weight limits. 23.29 Empty weight and corresponding cen-ter of gravity. 23.31 Removable ballast. 23.33 Propeller speed and pitch limits. PERFORMANCE 23.45 General. 23.49 Stalling period. 23.51 Takeoff speeds. 23.53 Takeoff performance. 23.55 Accelerate-stop distance. 23.57

9、 Takeoff path. 23.59 Takeoff distance and takeoff run. 23.61 Takeoff flight path. 23.63 Climb: General. 23.65 Climb: All engines operating. 23.66 Takeoff climb: One-engine inoperative. 23.67 Climb: One engine inoperative. 23.69 Enroute climb/descent. 23.71 Glide: Single-engine airplanes. 23.73 Refer

10、ence landing approach speed. 23.75 Landing distance. 23.77 Balked landing. FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS 23.141 General. CONTROLLABILITY AND MANEUVERABILITY 23.143 General. 23.145 Longitudinal control. 23.147 Directional and lateral control. 23.149 Minimum control speed. 23.151 Acrobatic maneuvers. 23.153

11、Control during landings. 23.155 Elevator control force in maneuvers. 23.157 Rate of roll. TRIM 23.161 Trim. STABILITY 23.171 General. 23.173 Static longitudinal stability. 23.175 Demonstration of static longitudinal stability. 23.177 Static directional and lateral sta-bility. 23.181 Dynamic stabilit

12、y. STALLS 23.201 Wings level stall. 23.203 Turning flight and accelerated turn-ing stalls. 23.207 Stall warning. SPINNING 23.221 Spinning. VerDate Mar2010 14:10 Mar 01, 2011 Jkt 223043 PO 00000 Frm 00192 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:SGML223043.XXX 223043wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFRProvided by IHSNot f

13、or ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-183 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 23 GROUND AND WATER HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS 23.231 Longitudinal stability and control. 23.233 Directional stability and control. 23.235 Operation on unpaved surfaces. 23.237 Op

14、eration on water. 23.239 Spray characteristics. MISCELLANEOUS FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS 23.251 Vibration and buffeting. 23.253 High speed characteristics. Subpart CStructure GENERAL 23.301 Loads. 23.302 Canard or tandem wing configura-tions. 23.303 Factor of safety. 23.305 Strength and deformation. 23.307

15、 Proof of structure. FLIGHT LOADS 23.321 General. 23.331 Symmetrical flight conditions. 23.333 Flight envelope. 23.335 Design airspeeds. 23.337 Limit maneuvering load factors. 23.341 Gust loads factors. 23.343 Design fuel loads. 23.345 High lift devices. 23.347 Unsymmetrical flight conditions. 23.34

16、9 Rolling conditions. 23.351 Yawing conditions. 23.361 Engine torque. 23.363 Side load on engine mount. 23.365 Pressurized cabin loads. 23.367 Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure. 23.369 Rear lift truss. 23.371 Gyroscopic and aerodynamic loads. 23.373 Speed control devices. CONTROL SURFACE AND

17、 SYSTEM LOADS 23.391 Control surface loads. 23.393 Loads parallel to hinge line. 23.395 Control system loads. 23.397 Limit control forces and torques. 23.399 Dual control system. 23.405 Secondary control system. 23.407 Trim tab effects. 23.409 Tabs. 23.415 Ground gust conditions. HORIZONTAL STABILIZ

18、ING AND BALANCING SURFACES 23.421 Balancing loads. 23.423 Maneuvering loads. 23.425 Gust loads. 23.427 Unsymmetrical loads. VERTICAL SURFACES 23.441 Maneuvering loads. 23.443 Gust loads. 23.445 Outboard fins or winglets. AILERONS AND SPECIAL DEVICES 23.455 Ailerons. 23.459 Special devices. GROUND LO

19、ADS 23.471 General. 23.473 Ground load conditions and assump-tions. 23.477 Landing gear arrangement. 23.479 Level landing conditions. 23.481 Tail down landing conditions. 23.483 One-wheel landing conditions. 23.485 Side load conditions. 23.493 Braked roll conditions. 23.497 Supplementary conditions

20、for tail wheels. 23.499 Supplementary conditions for nose wheels. 23.505 Supplementary conditions for ski- planes. 23.507 Jacking loads. 23.509 Towing loads. 23.511 Ground load; unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units. WATER LOADS 23.521 Water load conditions. 23.523 Design weights and center of

21、 gravity positions. 23.525 Application of loads. 23.527 Hull and main float load factors. 23.529 Hull and main float landing condi-tions. 23.531 Hull and main float takeoff condi-tion. 23.533 Hull and main float bottom pressures. 23.535 Auxiliary float loads. 23.537 Seawing loads. EMERGENCY LANDING

22、CONDITIONS 23.561 General. 23.562 Emergency landing dynamic condi-tions. FATIGUE EVALUATION 23.571 Metallic pressurized cabin structures. 23.572 Metallic wing, empennage, and asso-ciated structures. 23.573 Damage tolerance and fatigue evalua-tion of structure. 23.574 Metallic damage tolerance and fa

23、-tigue evaluation of commuter category airplanes. 23.575 Inspections and other procedures. Subpart DDesign and Construction 23.601 General. 23.603 Materials and workmanship. 23.605 Fabrication methods. 23.607 Fasteners. 23.609 Protection of structure. 23.611 Accessibility provisions. 23.613 Material

24、 strength properties and de-sign values. 23.619 Special factors. VerDate Mar2010 14:10 Mar 01, 2011 Jkt 223043 PO 00000 Frm 00193 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:SGML223043.XXX 223043wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFRProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-

25、,-,-184 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition) Pt. 23 23.621 Casting factors. 23.623 Bearing factors. 23.625 Fitting factors. 23.627 Fatigue strength. 23.629 Flutter. WINGS 23.641 Proof of strength. CONTROL SURFACES 23.651 Proof of strength. 23.655 Installation. 23.657 Hinges. 23.659 Mass balance. CONTROL SYST

26、EMS 23.671 General. 23.672 Stability augmentation and auto-matic and power-operated systems. 23.673 Primary flight controls. 23.675 Stops. 23.677 Trim systems. 23.679 Control system locks. 23.681 Limit load static tests. 23.683 Operation tests. 23.685 Control system details. 23.687 Spring devices. 2

27、3.689 Cable systems. 23.691 Artificial stall barrier system. 23.693 Joints. 23.697 Wing flap controls. 23.699 Wing flap position indicator. 23.701 Flap interconnection. 23.703 Takeoff warning system. LANDING GEAR 23.721 General. 23.723 Shock absorption tests. 23.725 Limit drop tests. 23.726 Ground l

28、oad dynamic tests. 23.727 Reserve energy absorption drop test. 23.729 Landing gear extension and retrac-tion system. 23.731 Wheels. 23.733 Tires. 23.735 Brakes. 23.737 Skis. 23.745 Nose/tail wheel steering. FLOATS AND HULLS 23.751 Main float buoyancy. 23.753 Main float design. 23.755 Hulls. 23.757 A

29、uxiliary floats. PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS 23.771 Pilot compartment. 23.773 Pilot compartment view. 23.775 Windshields and windows. 23.777 Cockpit controls. 23.779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls. 23.781 Cockpit control knob shape. 23.783 Doors. 23.785 Seats, berths, litters, safety b

30、elts, and shoulder harnesses. 23.787 Baggage and cargo compartments. 23.791 Passenger information signs. 23.803 Emergency evacuation. 23.805 Flightcrew emergency exits. 23.807 Emergency exits. 23.811 Emergency exit marking. 23.812 Emergency lighting. 23.813 Emergency exit access. 23.815 Width of ais

31、le. 23.831 Ventilation. PRESSURIZATION 23.841 Pressurized cabins. 23.843 Pressurization tests. FIRE PROTECTION 23.851 Fire extinguishers. 23.853 Passenger and crew compartment in-teriors. 23.855 Cargo and baggage compartment fire protection. 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. 23.863 Flammable

32、 fluid fire protection. 23.865 Fire protection of flight controls, en-gine mounts, and other flight structure. ELECTRICAL BONDING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION 23.867 Electrical bonding and protection against lightning and static electricity. MISCELLANEOUS 23.871 Leveling means. Subpart EPowerplant GENER

33、AL 23.901 Installation. 23.903 Engines. 23.904 Automatic power reserve system. 23.905 Propellers. 23.907 Propeller vibration and fatigue. 23.909 Turbocharger systems. 23.925 Propeller clearance. 23.929 Engine installation ice protection. 23.933 Reversing systems. 23.934 Turbojet and turbofan engine

34、thrust reverser systems tests. 23.937 Turbopropeller-drag limiting sys-tems. 23.939 Powerplant operating characteristics. 23.943 Negative acceleration. FUEL SYSTEM 23.951 General. 23.953 Fuel system independence. 23.954 Fuel system lightning protection. 23.955 Fuel flow. 23.957 Flow between intercon

35、nected tanks. 23.959 Unusable fuel supply. 23.961 Fuel system hot weather operation. 23.963 Fuel tanks: General. 23.965 Fuel tank tests. 23.967 Fuel tank installation. 23.969 Fuel tank expansion space. VerDate Mar2010 14:10 Mar 01, 2011 Jkt 223043 PO 00000 Frm 00194 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:SGML223043.X

36、XX 223043wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFRProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-185 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 23 23.971 Fuel tank sump. 23.973 Fuel tank filler connection. 23.975 Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents. 2

37、3.977 Fuel tank outlet. 23.979 Pressure fueling systems. FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS 23.991 Fuel pumps. 23.993 Fuel system lines and fittings. 23.994 Fuel system components. 23.995 Fuel valves and controls. 23.997 Fuel strainer or filter. 23.999 Fuel system drains. 23.1001 Fuel jettisoning system. OIL SY

38、STEM 23.1011 General. 23.1013 Oil tanks. 23.1015 Oil tank tests. 23.1017 Oil lines and fittings. 23.1019 Oil strainer or filter. 23.1021 Oil system drains. 23.1023 Oil radiators. 23.1027 Propeller feathering system. COOLING 23.1041 General. 23.1043 Cooling tests. 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for

39、turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1047 Cooling test procedures for recipro-cating engine powered airplanes. LIQUID COOLING 23.1061 Installation. 23.1063 Coolant tank tests. INDUCTION SYSTEM 23.1091 Air induction system. 23.1093 Induction system icing protection. 23.1095 Carburetor deicing fluid f

40、low rate. 23.1097 Carburetor deicing fluid system ca-pacity. 23.1099 Carburetor deicing fluid system de-tail design. 23.1101 Induction air preheater design. 23.1103 Induction system ducts. 23.1105 Induction system screens. 23.1107 Induction system filters. 23.1109 Turbocharger bleed air system. 23.1

41、111 Turbine engine bleed air system. EXHAUST SYSTEM 23.1121 General. 23.1123 Exhaust system. 23.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. POWERPLANT CONTROLS AND ACCESSORIES 23.1141 Powerplant controls: General. 23.1142 Auxiliary power unit controls. 23.1143 Engine controls. 23.1145 Ignition switches. 23.1147 M

42、ixture controls. 23.1149 Propeller speed and pitch controls. 23.1153 Propeller feathering controls. 23.1155 Turbine engine reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime. 23.1157 Carburetor air temperature controls. 23.1163 Powerplant accessories. 23.1165 Engine ignition systems

43、. POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION 23.1181 Designated fire zones; regions in-cluded. 23.1182 Nacelle areas behind firewalls. 23.1183 Lines, fittings, and components. 23.1189 Shutoff means. 23.1191 Firewalls. 23.1192 Engine accessory compartment dia-phragm. 23.1193 Cowling and nacelle. 23.1195 Fire extingu

44、ishing systems. 23.1197 Fire extinguishing agents. 23.1199 Extinguishing agent containers. 23.1201 Fire extinguishing systems mate-rials. 23.1203 Fire detector system. Subpart FEquipment GENERAL 23.1301 Function and installation. 23.1303 Flight and navigation instruments. 23.1305 Powerplant instrume

45、nts. 23.1307 Miscellaneous equipment. 23.1308 High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Protection. 23.1309 Equipment, systems, and installa-tions. INSTRUMENTS: INSTALLATION 23.1311 Electronic display instrument sys-tems. 23.1321 Arrangement and visibility. 23.1322 Warning, caution, and advisory lights.

46、 23.1323 Airspeed indicating system. 23.1325 Static pressure system. 23.1326 Pitot heat indication systems. 23.1327 Magnetic direction indicator. 23.1329 Automatic pilot system. 23.1331 Instruments using a power source. 23.1335 Flight director systems. 23.1337 Powerplant instruments installa-tion. E

47、LECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 23.1351 General. 23.1353 Storage battery design and installa-tion. 23.1357 Circuit protective devices. 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. 23.1361 Master switch arrangement. 23.1365 Electric cables and equipment. 23.1367 Switches. LIGHTS 23.1381 Instrument ligh

48、ts. 23.1383 Taxi and landing lights. VerDate Mar2010 14:10 Mar 01, 2011 Jkt 223043 PO 00000 Frm 00195 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:SGML223043.XXX 223043wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFRProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-186 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 E

49、dition) Pt. 23, SFAR No. 23 23.1385 Position light system installation. 23.1387 Position light system dihedral an-gles. 23.1389 Position light distribution and in-tensities. 23.1391 Minimum intensities in the hori-zontal plane of position lights. 23.1393 Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of position lights. 23.1395 Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of position lights. 23.1397 Color specifications. 23.1399 Riding light. 23.1401 Anticoll