ICAO 9684-2004 Manual on the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Systems《二次监视雷达(SSR)系统手册 第3版 包括修改件1 2006 01 20》.pdf

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18、h ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Doc 9684 AN1951 Manual on the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Systems Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority Third Edition - 2004 I n t e r n a t i o n a I C iv i I Av i at i on O

19、rgan iza t i o n Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMENDMENTS Date Date No. applicable entered The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Journa

20、l and in the monthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visual Training Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. Entered by . , . RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA I I I CORRIGENDA Entered of is

21、sue entered (il) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORD Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is a major system for surveillance purposes in most air traffic c

22、ontrol (ATC) systems. One of the important updates was the standardiz- ation of Mode S systems in 1985. Mode S has a data link capability which is part of the aeronautical telecommuni- cation network (ATN). The purpose of this document is to describe all the system characteristics not only of the gr

23、ound station but also the airborne transponder. This document should be read together with Annex 10 for the relevant Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). Several chapters describe Mode S surveillance and com- munications functions, including the implementation aspects of Mode S, interference

24、 considerations and the Mode S subnetwork of the ATN. There is a specific chapter on Mode S extended squitter concept, technique and applications. The Mode S extended squitter system is subject to patent rights from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. On 22 August 1996, MIT Lincoln Laboratory issued a notic

25、e in the Commerce Business Daily (CBD) of its intent not to assert its rights as patent owner against any and all persons in the commercial or non- commercial practice of the patent, in order to promote widest possible use of the Mode S extended squitter tech- nology. Further, by letter to ICAO date

26、d 27 August 1998, MIT Lincoln Laboratory confirmed that the CBD notice was provided to satis ICAO requirements for a statement of patent rights for techniques that are included in SARPs, and that “the patent holders offer this technique freely for any use”. This document consists for the most part o

27、f material developed by the Secondary Surveillance Radar Improve- ments and Collision Avoidance Systems Panel (SICASP). Comments on this manual from States and other parties outside ICAO concerned with SSR systems development and provision of services would be appreciated. Comments should be address

28、ed to: The Secretary General International Civil Aviation Organization 999 University Street Montreal, Quebec Canada H3C 5H7 (iii) Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

29、-,-,-Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction

30、or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under

31、 license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-GLOSSARY AircrafZ address. A unique combination of 24 bits available for assignment to an aircrafi for the purpose of air- ground communications, navigation and surveillance. Note.- The aircraft addr

32、ess is also referred to as the Mode S address or the aircrafi Mode S address. All-call. An intermode or Mode S interrogation that elicits replies from more than one transponder: Allkall (Mode A/C-on the remain- ing primary radar plo information may be merged or it may be discarded. Raw video. Unproc

33、essed, analogue PSR or SSR video infor- mation. Receiver side-lobe suppression (RTLS). A method, using two (or more) receivers to suppress aircraft replies which have been received via side lobes of the main beam of the antenna. Remote field monitor. A system which monitors the uplink andor downlink

34、 pe$ormance of an SSR or Mode S system from a site located at the specified distance from the radar var field). The monitor (see “Parrot? is interrogated by the radar and its replies can be evaluated on the radar site. In addition, the replies may contain data about certain interrogation parameters

35、as seen by the monitor. Remote monitoring and control system (RMCS). A system which allows manual or automatic reconfiguration of a radar system. The RMCS will also give an overall indi- cation of the system status (equipment operational, equipment in standby, faults, etc.). The RMCS equip- ment may

36、 have a terminal either at the station level or at the ATC centre level and often at both levels. Reply. A pulse train received at an SSR ground station as a result of successful SSR interrogation. Reply code, reply pulse train. See “Code train l. Reply preamble. A sequence of four pulses, each with

37、 a duration of 0.5 microsecond, indicating the beginning of a Mode S reply. Residual errors. Errors in position which exist between the corrected positions of an object (measured position minus systematic error) and the corresponding trajec- tory. Resolution. Ability of a system to distinguish betwe

38、en two or more targets in close proximity to each other both in range and bearing (azimuth). Responsor. A ground-based receiver part of the SSR. The complete equipment is generally known as the interrogatorresponso,: Ring-around Continuous reception of replies to interrog- ations by the side lobes o

39、f the ground antenna. This normally occurs only at short ranges, usually due to the non-existence of a side-lobe suppression mechanism or the improper functioning of this mechanism, at either the interrogator or the transponder side. Round reliability. A probabili9 of receipt of a correct reply, res

40、ultingfrom either an SSR interrogation or a PSR transmission. Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) system. A radar system which transmits coded interrogations to aircraft transponders in various modes and receives coded replies. Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder. A unit which transmits a

41、response signal on receiving an SSR interrogation. The term is a derivative of the worak transmitter and responde,: Side lobes (antenna). Lobes of the radiation pattern of an antenna, which are not part of the main or principal beam. Radar systems can have suficient sensitivis via Copyright Internat

42、ional Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAONot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Glossary (xvii) side lobes for successful detection of aircraft (particu- larly for SSR, but also for PSR). Special precautions are necessary to

43、 protect against these false plots. Side-lobe suppression (SLS). A mechanism in an SSR transponder activated by the transmission (radiation) of a control pulse (Pr or Pb of amplitude greater than the antenna side-lobe signals-in-space, which will enable the transponder to prevent itselffom replying

44、to the side-lobe interrogation signals. SquitteE The spontaneour periodic transmission by a Mode S transponder (nominally once per second) of a specifiedjhat to permit passive acquisition by Mode S interrogators with broad antenna beams (e.g. ACAS). Stagger. Deliberate, controlled variation of the p

45、ulse rep- etition frequency of the SSR to prevent aircraft plots due to second-time-around replies. Standard length communication protocol A procedure to exchange digital data using Comm-A interrvgations andor Comm-B replies. Sum pattern. Normal radiation pattern for the main directional beam of an

46、antenna. Contrasts with the “difierence-pattern ”, where parts of the radiating elements of the antenna are switched in anti-phase to produce signals proportional to the amount by which the source is ofthe boresight of the sum pattern. Suppression. A deliberate inhibition of a transponder k ability

47、to accept or reply to interrogations. Surveillance interrogation. A 56-bit Mode S interrogation containing surveillance and communications control information. Surveillance processing. A general tem covering any processing applied to the target reports after the extraction functions and prior to the

48、 data transmission functions. Such processes include jltering, clutter reduction, data rate control and dynamic angel control. Surveillance reply. A 56-bit Mode S reply containing surveillance and communications control information, plus the aircrafts 4 096 identis code or altitude code. Sync phase reversal. A first phase reversal in the Mode S P6 interrogation pulse. It is used to synchronize the circuitry in