IESNA DG-20-2009 Stage Lighting A Guide to the Planning of Theatres and Auditoriums.pdf

1、IES DG-20-09Stage Lighting A Guide to the Planning of Theatres and AuditoriumsIES DG-20-09Stage LightingA Guide tothe Planning of Theatresand AuditoriumsPublication of this Design Guidehas been approved by the IES.Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IES.Prepared by:The Theatre, Telev

2、ision and Film Lighting Committee of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America IES DG-20-09Copyright 2009 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, January 31, 2009 as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North Am

3、erica.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standar

4、ds and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please for-ward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address f

5、or verifica-tion and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-229-7DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This

6、process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to

7、 the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensa-tory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or

8、 reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this docum

9、ent should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this docu

10、ment. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or m

11、aker of the statement.IES DG-20-09Prepared by the Theatre, Television, and Film Lighting Committee Theatre, Television, and Film Lighting CommitteeJoseph Good, ChairR. Bell S. Kaye*E. Chenault A. KibbeD. Collins D. KuykP. Costa D. KuykR. Davis* T. Lemons*N. Drucker E. LoudenburgW. Ellis W. MaimanM.

12、Foster A. Mor*A. Franklin L. NelsonR Glickman G. PearlmanJ. Gorrell J. RubinG. Guarnaccia* N. SonnenfeldT. Hansen J. TawilS. Helliker K. WilliamsJ. Highgate* T. WiseK. Holden L. ZonneveldtE. HyattL. Jones *Advisory MembersFigures courtesy of Spectrum Engineers, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT (unless other

13、wise credited in the caption) Comments and suggestions from those using this Design Guide are welcomed by the Theatre, Television, and Film Lighting Committee. Please send them to IESNA Headquarters: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.Content

14、s1.0 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . 13.0 General Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Considerations for Design Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2

16、Budgetary Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 Architectural Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 Acoustical Considerations .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 Structural Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 Mechanical and Electrical Supply Considerations . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 Circulation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 House Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 Stage Lighting Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Fresnel Lensed Spotlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Scoop Floodlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . 54.4 PAR Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 Striplights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . 54.6 Cyclorama Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 Followspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . 64.8 Projectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 Automated Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

24、.10 Measuring and Reporting Equipment Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 Layout and Selection of Stage Lighting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 Lighting the Traditional Proscenium Stage . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1.1 Stage Lighting Instruments in the Auditorium Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.1.2 Stage Lighting Instruments in the Auditorium and Proscenium Sidewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.1.3 Sta

26、ge Lighting Instruments on the Balcony Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.1.4 Followspot Booths/Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.1.5 Lighting Equipment at the Edge of the Stage Platform or

27、 Apron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1.6 Lighting Located Behind the Proscenium Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1.7 First Electric Batten or Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1.8 Ov

28、erhead Lighting Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1.9 Onstage Lighting Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.1.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.2 Adaptations for Alternate Stage Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.2.1 Backstage Utility Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.2.2 Mounting Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.2.3 Outlets and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . 145.2.4 Company Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2.5 Material Access/Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14IES DG-20-096

32、.0 Dimmers and Lighting Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.1 Dimmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.2 Dimmer Cu

33、rve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.3 Control Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4 Auxiliary Controls .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.5 Dimmer/Performance Data Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.6 Remotely Controlled Lights and Accessories . . .

35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.7 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.0 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Annex A Illuminance Selection and Design Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24IES DG-20-091IES DG-20-09Stage Lighting A Guide to the Planning of Theatres and Aud

38、itoriums1.0 FOREWORDThe Theatre, Television and Film Lighting Committee developed this Design Guide to assist design profes-sionals in specifying or understanding the require-ments of performance lighting and control sys-tems. This Guide considers the factors involved in achieving a successful, func

39、tioning space for live performances. It outlines the unique nature of these facilities and general techniques for creative lighting, but leaves the details to architects and the special consultants involved in the design of these spaces.As a complete review and revision of prior Committee documents

40、in this area (CP-34 and CP-35), this Design Guide incorporates the latest design and application information associated with contempo-rary theatrical architecture, lighting positions in both the house and stage, typical luminaires and layouts, the effects of lighting on mechanical and acoustical ele

41、ments, and the lighting controls used in the light-ing of activities and presentations.2.0 INTRODUCTIONLighting for any kind of stage involves the use of spe-cialized lighting “instruments,” generally using tung-sten-halogen lamps and flexible control equipment. The building must include many mounti

42、ng positions for the lights, circuiting, and the dimming systems. In this Guide, the term “theatre” means a space to pres-ent live performances including all necessary ancil-lary facilities. Theatres may be found in buildings such as lecture and concert halls, churches, platforms, motion picture hou

43、ses, portions of restaurants, and sports arenas. Factors for the successful design of theatre-related areas are considered in this Guide.There are several Society publications that designers should consider. These include the most recent edi-tion of the IESNA Lighting Handbook, the most recent revis

44、ion of ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved), and IESNA LM-73, Testing of Entertainment Luminaires Using Incandescent Filament Lamps or High Density Discharge Lamps. Please note that the theatrical lighting community uses a few unique

45、terms that differ from those typi-cally accepted in the general lighting industry. One of these is (stage) lighting instrument for a lighting device otherwise known as a luminaire. Other unique terms are explained in the glossary. This Guide attempts to explain theatrical lighting and its practice u

46、sing the terms of the trade as the theatrical lighting community understands them.3.0 GENERAL OBJECTIVESThe objective of stage lighting is to support the live performance for both the performers and the audience. Lighting is used to help control visibility, contribute to scene composition, enhance m

47、ove-ment of the performance action, and set a mood (atmosphere) for the presentation, no matter what the theatre type or production values. The theatrical lighting designer needs complete flex-ibility as to choice of lighting instruments, mounting location, wattage, color, intensity, beam shape, bea

48、m direction, and light movement. The design team should provide a facility with suitable infrastructure to support the creative process at a level commen-surate with the proposed program.3.1 Considerations for Design ProfessionalsThe architect involved with theatre design should be aware of all part

49、icipants who will use the facility. The “clients” are not just the owner or producer, but the performers, designers, and technicians. It is to the architects advantage to seek them out and solicit their design input.Theatre facility design is a unique form of archi-tecture that frequently requires specialized design assistance. The scope and complexity of each project will determine the need for additional design advice. Specialized consultants are readily available for stage machinery and rigging, lighting, acoustics, and other theatre disciplines. Their participation will help ensur