IESNA G-1-2003 Guideline for Security Lighting for People Property and Public Spaces.pdf

1、TheLIGHTINGAUTHORITYIESNA G-1-03Guideline for SecurityLighting forPeople,Property, andPublic SpacesIESNA G-1-03Guideline for Security Lighting for People, Property, and Public SpacesPublication of this Committee Report has been approved by the IESNA. Suggestions forrevisions should be directed to th

2、e IESNA. Prepared by:IESNA Security Lighting CommitteeCopyright 2003 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North AmericaApproved by the IESNA Board of Directors, March 1 , 2003 as a Transaction of the Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publicat

3、ion may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval systemor otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IESNA Standards and Guidelines are developed through committe

4、e consensus and produced by the IESNAOffice in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, pleaseforward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for verifi-cation and correction. The IESNA we

5、lcomes and urges feedback and comments. ISBN # 0-87995-190-7Printed in the United States of America.DISCLAIMERIESNA publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by theAmerican National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representin

6、g varied view-points and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESNA administers theprocess and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, itmakes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informati

7、on published herein. The IESNA disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatso-ever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the pub-lication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and ma

8、king this document available, the IESNA is not undertaking to render professional or otherservices for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IESNA undertaking to perform any duty owed byany person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own indepen-

9、dent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exerciseof reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IESNA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of thisdocument. Nor does the IESNA list, certify, t

10、est or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliancewith this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shallnot be attributable to the IESNA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IESNA G-1-03Prepa

11、red by the Security Lighting Committee, and Sub-Committee on RelationshipBetween Lighting and Crime, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Committee Members:David L. Salmon, Ph.D., CPO, Chair 1998 2002Brian J. Scanlon, Chair 2002 Theodore Ake, LCCraig R. Bertolett, Sr.*Norman R Bottom, P

12、h.D., CPP, CPODavid Crawford, Ph.D., FIESRobert DanielsDavid DeanL. Vern ForemanJohn G. Hayes, Ph.D., CPPJames HominsGary HovaterFred D. JusticeRobert E. KaeserHyman Kaplan, L.C., P.E.Lorence E. Leetzow*Robert LovelaceDouglas W. PaulinJeffrey RocheMike RossDavid L. Salmon, IIC. Stanley Stubbe*David

13、Stymiest P.E., SASHE, CEM *C. S. ThomasTimothy J. Walsh, CPP* Advisory* HonorarySub-Committee Relationship Between Lighting and CrimeDavid L. Salmon, II, ChairNorman Bottom, Ph.D., CPP, CPORobert E. KaeserDavid L. Salmon, Ph.D., CPO Brian J. Scanlon Editing Task GroupTheodore Ake, LC, ChairPeter Boy

14、ceDouglas W. PaulinBrian J. ScanlonIESNA G-1-03Table of ContentsForeword and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Lighting and its Relationship to Crime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 Scope and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 Basic Principles of Security and Security Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Community Responsive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Security Lighting Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . 54.0 Understanding “When Security is an Issue” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 Visibility Concerns in Security Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 I

19、lluminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 Horizontal Illuminance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.3 Vertical I

20、lluminance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.4 Uniformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.5 Glare. . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.6 Shadows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.7 Establishing Site D

22、ivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.8 Total Site Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.9 Pedestrian Zone . . . . . . . . .

23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.10 Pedestrian Path Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.11 Building Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.12 Building Perimeter Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.0 Lighting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.0 Security Lighting for Controlled Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.2 Specific Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.2.1 Unoccupied Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227.2.2 Offices and Other Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.2.3 Automated Teller Machines and Night Depositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.2.4 Parking Fac

28、ilities (Lots and Garages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.2.5 Residential Parking Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.2.6 Parking Lots and Areas for Public Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2.7 Supermarkets and Major Retail Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2.8 Fast Food and Franchise Restaurants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.2.9 Convenience St

30、ores and Gas Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307.2.10 Single-Family Residences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.2.11 Multi-Family Residences and Dormitories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.2.12 Multi-Family Residences for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337.2.13 Schools one was theexperimental area where the lighting was improved;one was designated the adjacent area; the third wasthe control area

32、, which served as the baseline againstwhich any changes in crime could be monitored. Thelighting in the adjacent and control areas remainedunchanged. One aspect of the study was to see ifimproved lighting in one area might lead to similar ben-efits of crime reduction in the adjacent area. There wasa

33、 marked reduction in the prevalence of crimes suchas theft and vandalism, vehicle crime, and personalcrime in the experimental area after relighting. Therewas no significant change in the adjacent or controlareas. A similar study in the town of Dudley, England,showed that the level of delinquency de

34、creased morein the relighted area than in the control area.The results of all these studies indicate that lighting hasa place to play in crime prevention. A list of sources forfurther reading may be found in Annex A. While thereare no guarantees that improved lighting will cause adecrease in crime,

35、there are circumstances in whichlighting can be an effective crime countermeasure,either alone or in combination with other measures.Lighting can affect crime by two indirect mecha-nisms. The first is the obvious one of facilitatingsurveillance by the authorities and the communityafter dark. If such

36、 increased surveillance is per-ceived by criminals as increasing the effort andrisk and decreasing the reward for a criminal activ-ity, then the level of crime is likely to be reduced.Where increased surveillance is perceived by thecriminally inclined not to matter, then better light-ing will not be

37、 effective.The second mechanism bywhich an investment in better lighting might affectthe level of crime is by enhancing community con-fidence and hence increasing the degree of infor-mal social control. This mechanism can be effec-tive both day and night but is subject to manyinfluences other than l

38、ighting.2.0 SCOPE AND PURPOSEThe primary purpose of this publication is to establishguidelines for the design and implementation of securi-ty lighting.* It addresses security illumination but doesnot give advice on construction practices. The objectiveis to provide guidance for designing security li

39、ghtingsystems for new facilities and for evaluating existingfacilities and systems. This publication is intended forthe use of property owners and managers, crime pre-vention specialists, law enforcement and security pro-fessionals, risk managers, lighting specifiers, contrac-tors, the legal profess

40、ion, and homeowners who areconcerned about security and the prevention of crime.Crime, its prevention, and the application of lighting tohelp minimize criminal activity, are considered in a lesstechnical and user-friendly manner for the benefit ofproperty owners, but illuminating engineers, architec

41、tsand other professionals should find the concepts usefulto review with their clients.The primary measurement references throughout thisdocument are metric, with the English equivalent inparenthesis. For example, 1.5 meters will be dis-played as 1.5 m (5 ft), and 100 lux will be displayed as100 lux

42、(10 fc). These conversions are approximate,but considered sufficiently accurate in this context.In this publication will be found a discussion of basicsecurity principles, illuminance requirements for vari-ous types of properties, a protocol for evaluating cur-rent lighting levels for different secu

43、rity applications,and security survey and crime search methodology.The guidelines are based on consensus among mem-bers of the IESNA Security Lighting committee andother security experts.Suggestions are given for exterior and interior securi-ty lighting practices for the reasonable protection ofpers

44、ons and property. This document also promotesa concept of best practice, which takes into accountthe following lighting design issues:Economics (including cost, maintenance and oper-ational costs)Environmental issues (including light pollution, lighttrespass and the adverse effects of light on anima

45、lsand plants)Municipal lighting ordinances, by-laws or codesEnergy conservation, and maintenance requirementsMinimum guidelines for the safe movement of per-sons and equipment and for performing specific taskscan be found in other IESNA publications. This docu-ment is intended to provide specific gu

46、idelines whereit has been determined that security is an issue, andwhere security is an important determining factor inthe design or retrofit of a given property.Note that throughout this guideline the phrasewhen security is an issue is used to differentiatethe lighting design suggestions presented

47、hereinfrom those contained in other IESNA publications.While these other publications may make refer-ence to security, in G-1 it is the only issue. Note toothat when security is an issue, not only lighting,2IESNA G-1-03*Note the distinction made in this document between security lighting and lightin

48、g forsafety. Security lighting is intended to protect people and property from criminal activities.Lighting for safety is intended to provide safe working conditions, safe passage and iden-tification of hazards or obstructions.but all measures and system components areincreased and/or strengthened;

49、for example, per-sonnel, surveillance, gates, locks, and fences.Security lighting, as part of a well-balanced securityplan, should have the following objectives:1. Provide a clear view of an area from a distanceand enable anyone moving in or immediatelyaround it to be easily seen2. Deny potential hiding spaces adjacent to fre-quently traveled foot routes3. Permit facial identification at distance of at least9 m (30 ft), and create the perception of beingidentifiable4. Facilitate the proper use of other securitydevices available on the property5. Deter crime against persons or prope