IESNA LEM-7-2013 Lighting Controls for Energy Management.pdf

1、PREPARED BYIES LEM-7-13Lighting Controls for Energy ManagementIES LEM-7-13Lighting Controls forEnergy ManagementPublication of this Lighting EnergyManagement document hasbeen approved by the IES.Suggestions for revisions shouldbe directed to the IES.Prepared by:IES Energy Management CommitteeIES LEM

2、-7-13Copyright 2013 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, May 15, 2013, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval syst

3、em or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention

4、is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please for-ward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN# 978-0-87995-27

5、9-2DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES

6、 administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other dam

7、ages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for

8、 or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exerci

9、se of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification o

10、r statement of compliance with the require-ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES LEM-7-13Prepared by the Lighting Controls Sub-Committee of the IES Energy Management CommitteeLighting Controls Sub-C

11、ommitteeJoseph Briscoe ChairEnergy Management CommitteeMaggie DeJong, ChairHoward Wolfman, Vice-ChairACKNOWLEDGMENTSSpecial thanks to Craig DiLouie, LC for his editing and writing assistance with this document, and to the Lighting Controls Association (www.lightingcontrolsassociation.org) for co-spo

12、nsorship.J. Black*C. Brink*P. Brown*L. DavisC. DiLouieW. Ellis*E. GillmorM. Hefter*E. Lai*B. LeachS. Mende *A. MorD. Pandya *M. PasiniD. PaulinS. PayB. Schoch *B. Smith*J. Yorgey*Advisory MembersJ. Amann*S. AndersonH. Arvidsson*P. Ashar*B. AtkinsonJ. Benya*F. Berryman*C. Bloomfield*J. Bond*S. Bramle

13、y*J. BriscoeT. Brown*W. Brown*L. Cordell*L. DavisG. FlammJ. Frazer*E. GillmorD. Goldstein*S. Guthrie*F. HauberG. Hauser*R. Heinisch*R. HellerK. Hemmi*J. HowleyT. Jackson*W. Johnson*C. Jones*D. Kack*H. Kaplan*D. Katzenberger*H. Kessler*R. Kurtz*S. LaFleur*M. LaneM. Lassle*B. Leach*R Lindemann*J. Lind

14、sleyJ. Ludyjan*S. Machhiwala*H. McKay*S. Mesh*G. Miller*A. Mor*J. Mota*J. Muramudalige*M. MyerK. NielsenM. Pak*M. PasiniD. Paulin*S. Pay*W. BertelsenA. Reyes*E. Richman*S. Silverstein*N. Smirnov*B. SmithD. Vail*D. Viveiros*D. Walsh*J. Wenman*J. White*R. Wyton*H. Yaphe*J. Yorgey*Advisory MemberIES LE

15、M-7-13IES LEM-7-13Contents1.0 Introduction.12.0 Lighting Control Strategies12.1 Personal Tuning.22.2 Occupancy Sensing .22.3 Time Scheduling 42.4 Daylight Harvesting .42.5 Lumen Maintenance Dimming 52.6 Institutional Tuning 82.7 Demand Response 82.8 Adaptive Compensation .83.0 Design Considerations

16、.93.1 Owner Project Requirements .93.2 Economic Considerations .103.3 Energy Codes .113.4 High-Performance Green Buildings .133.4.1 Green Building Rating Systems 143.4.2 Green Building Codes143.5 Ease of Maintenance .153.6 User Expectations153.7 Layering 153.8 Control Zoning 163.8.1. Precision .173.

17、8.2. Similar Characteristics 183.8.3 Analog Vs. Digital.19 3.8.4. Daylight Zones 193.9 Flexibility .193.10 Integration 204.0 Design Deliverables .204.1 Control Narrative.204.2 Control Zone Plan214.3 Equipment Specifications .21IES LEM-7-134.4 Single-Line Riser Diagrams224.5 Lighting and Relay Panel

18、Schedules 224.6 Device Settings and Programming244.7 Performance Testing and Acceptance Criteria 244.8 Energy Modeling .244.8.1 Setting the Baseline .244.8.2 Energy Modeling Rules.254.8.3 Modeling Energy Savings from Lighting Controls 255.0 Controlling Light Sources 275.1 Line-Voltage Incandescent/H

19、alogen.275.2 Low-Voltage Incandescent/Halogen.285.3 Fluorescent .295.4 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.5 Solid-State Lighting (SSL) .315.6 Neon and Cold Cathode.325.7 Induction and Plasma.326

20、.0 Lighting Control Equipment 336.1 Wiring Methods 336.1.1 Line Voltage336.1.2 Low Voltage 336.1.3 Wireless.346.2 Standalone Controls: Switches and Dimmers 356.2.1 Switches 356.2.2 Dimmers 356.3 Multizone Systems: Relay Switching and Programmable Dimming Systems 356.3.1 Low-Voltage Relays356.4 Centr

21、al Computer/Software-Based Systems .366.5 Sensors: Occupancy Sensors and Photosensors .376.5.1 Occupancy Sensors .376.5.2 Photosensors.386.6 Dimmable Ballasts and Drivers.406.7 Shade Control .406.8 Emergency Lighting Control .40IES LEM-7-137.0 Control Protocols .417.1 0-10VDC Front End (ANSI E1.3 En

22、tertainment Technology, Lighting Control Systems 0 to 10V Analog Control Specification) .427.2 ACN (ANSI 1.17 Entertainment Technology, Architecture for Control Networks) .427.3 ASCII (Information Systems, Coded Character Sets, 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) 427.4

23、 BACnet(ANSI/ASHRAE 135/ISO Standard 16848-5-2003, BACnetA Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks)427.5 DALI (IEC 60929 Annex E, Digital Addressable Lighting Interface).427.6 DMX512 (ANSI E1.11 Entertainment Technology, USITT DMX 512-A, Asynchronous Serial Data Tran

24、smission standard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories) . . . . . . . . 427.7 EnOcean.427.8 Konnex (KNX) .427.9 LonWorks(ISO/IEC 14908-2) 427.10 MIDI the output may be switching or dimming, sometimes in a variety of scenes accord-ing to different manual inputs. It is well suited to app

25、lications where users need flexibility to manu-ally adjust lighting conditions to individual need. Additionally, every time lighting is reduced, energy is saved. A Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study, which evaluated 240 energy savings estimates for various control strategies, produce

26、d a best estimate of average lighting energy savings for personal tuning of 31%.2In the case of switching, lighting control can be designed to enable separate bi-level or multi-level switching (separate luminaires, luminaire rows or inboard and outboard lamps) and provide some flexibility in light o

27、utput levels (e.g., FULL/50%/OFF, FULL/66%/33%/OFF) and resulting energy savings (see Figure 1). Additionally, manual-ON can be combined with automatic-OFF functionality in applications served by vacancy sensing. Higher lighting energy sav-ings have been demonstrated in private offices by coupling b

28、i-level switching with manual-ON sen-sors (vacancy sensors) or auto-ON to 50% sensors (see Section 2.2).3This approach is becoming increasingly utilized in the latest generation of energy codes and standards. Manual control can further serve as the ON function for time schedul-ing control systems, a

29、nd provide an override to the automatic shutoff function for users working irregular hours.Dimming provides more flexibility in adjusting illu-minances to individual needs (see Figures 2a, b, c) and enables personal tuning to be implemented in multioccupant spaces. One such application is personal d

30、imming control of workstation-specific luminaires in office spaces, which has been demon-strated in research to increase worker satisfaction while saving energy.42.2. Occupancy SensingOccupancy sensors detect human occupancy in the controlled space and are typically used to turn the lights ON or OFF

31、 based on the presence or absence of people, saving energy. While the output is always automatic, the input may be manual or automatic. Some occupancy sensors, often called vacancy sen-sors, combine a manual switch for ON and automatic switch for OFF operation, and have demonstrated increased energy

32、 savings over automatic-ON. This strategy is well suited to smaller, enclosed spaces that are intermittently occupied. Typical appli-cations include private offices, classrooms, meeting rooms, copy and break rooms and lavatories (see Figure 3). LBNL studies have estimated occupancy-based control str

33、ategies such as occupancy sensing and time scheduling to produce 24% average lighting energy savings.5Occupancy sensors can be used to comply with energy code requirements for automatic shutoff of lighting systems when they are not in use, and are specifically mandated in a growing list of space typ

34、es.Figure 1a. Multi-level switching of three- and four-lamp luminaires, providing stepped light level reductions through simple switching of the a (inboard) and b (outboard) groups. Figure1b. Mutiple lamps and steps are also possible to control digitally. (Images courtesy of LaserLight Systems)1a1b3

35、IES LEM-7-13Figure 2a. During periods of intense computer use, the user can dim the overhead lighting to preference, while reducing daylight via window shades. (Image courtesy of Leviton)Figure 2b. During a daytime meeting, the user raises light levels and opens the blinds, allowing daylight to ente

36、r the space. (Image courtesy of Leviton)Figure 2c. During cleaning in the evening, the lights can be temporarily raised to full output. (Image courtesy of Leviton)4IES LEM-7-13Occupancy sensor equipment is covered in Section 6.5.1. Basic design and implementation “dos and donts” are shown in Table 1

37、 below. 2.3 Time SchedulingTime scheduling involves a controller programmed to respond to a time event by changing the output of the connected lighting load. The time event signal may be implemented using software-based intelligence built into the system or a time-clock; the input may be manual or a

38、utomatic. The output may be switch-ing (e.g., lighting turned OFF when predictably not in use) or dimming (e.g., set high-end trim to a value of 85% during normal operating hours). LBNL has esti-mated that occupancy-based control strategies such as occupancy sensing and time scheduling produce 24% a

39、verage lighting energy savings.6This strategy can be used to comply with energy code automatic lighting shutoff requirements. In the case of automatic shutoff, a temporary manual override is typically provided to satisfy the lighting needs of users working irregular hours. This strategy is well suit

40、ed to larger, open spaces that are regularly and predictably occupied, as well as intermittently occupied spaces in which the lighting must remain ON during specific time periods for safety or security purposes.Basic design “dos and donts” for time scheduling control systems are shown in Table 2.2.4

41、 Daylight HarvestingDaylight harvesting entails reducing input power, and thereby electric light output, to maintain a near constant illuminance in a space receiving daylight.Figure 4. Time scheduling controls turn OFF (and/or may dim) lighting based on a time event, saving energy by deactivating (o

42、r reducing) lighting when it is not needed in spaces with predictable occupancy (or lighting needs). This graphic provides a simplified example of a constant load operated from 6 AM to 6 PM. (Image courtesy of OSRAM SYLVANIA Encelium.)Figure 3. Occupancy sensing saves energy via a controller automat

43、ically turning the lights OFF when a sensor detects the absence of people in intermittently occupied spaces. (Image courtesy of Lutron Electronics.)GOOD IDEA BE CAREFULOccupancy sensors are ideally suited for smaller, enclosed spaces that are intermittently occupied. However, sensors with defined co

44、verage may be used in warehouse aisles and outdoor spaces, and may be interconnected for use in open office applications.Avoid connecting emergency lighting luminaires or circuits to automatic shutoff controls unless they are specifically designed to operate these loads in accordance with all applic

45、able life safety regulations.Sensors should be positioned on stable, vibration-free surfaces above or close to the main areas of activity in a space. Pay special attention to the detection method of the sensorpassive infrared, ultrasonic which may present limitations on placement.Avoid placing the s

46、ensor such that it detects activity in spaces outside the immediate task area (e.g., corridor adjacent to a private office). Not only proper location, but aiming, is critical.For an optimal balance of lamp life and energy savings, lamp manufacturers recommend a minimum operating cycle of 15 to 20 mi

47、nutes, which can be set as the sensors time delay.Proper field calibration is crucial to satisfactory results. The contractor should be given clear instruction on sensor settings if field calibration is required.Table 1. Short list of dos and donts related to designing an occupancy-sensing lighting

48、control system in a nonresidential building.5IES LEM-7-13Separately circuiting the lighting in a daylight zone and assigning it a manual switch is a limited form of daylight harvesting. Automatic daylight harvesting systems that control light levels by switching or dim-ming, however, have become mor

49、e common and can be a superior control strategy under the right operat-ing and economic conditions (see Figure 5). The basic automatic photocontrol system includes a photosensor (also called a light sensor), which measures illuminance, in communication with a logic circuit and power controller, which decides whether to change light output. As the photosensor measures an increase in daylight illuminance, the controller reduc-es electric input power, thereby reducing electric light output, saving energy, (see Figure 6a and b).An LBNL study estimated daylight harvesting control wou