IESNA LM-78-2007 IESNA Approved Method for Total Luminous Flux Measurement of Lamps Using an Integrating Sphere Photometer.pdf

1、IESNA LM-78-07IESNA ApprovedMethod forTotal Luminous FluxMeasurementofLamps Using an IntegratingSphere PhotometerIESThe LIGHTING AUTHORITYPublication of this Committee Report has been approved by the IESNA.Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IESNA.Prepared by The Photometry of Light

2、Sources Subcommittee of the IESNA Testing Procedures CommitteeIESNA LM-78-07IESNA Approved Method for Total Luminous Flux Measurement of LampsUsing an Integrating Sphere PhotometerPublication of this CommitteeReport has been approved by the IESNA. Suggestions forrevisions should be directed to the I

3、ESNA. Prepared by:The Photometry of Light Sources Subcommittee of the IESNA Testing Procedures CommitteeIESNA LM-78-07Copyright 2007 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IESNA Board of Directors, January 28, 2007, as a Transaction of the IlluminatingEngineering So

4、ciety of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrievalsystem or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York

5、10005.IESNA Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IESNAOffice in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this docu-ment, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at

6、 the aboveaddress for verification and correction. The IESNA welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN-13: 978-0-87995-218-1ISBN-10: 0-87995-218-0DISCLAIMERIESNA publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approvedby the

7、 American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representingvaried viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESNAadministers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the develop-ment of cons

8、ensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation published herein. The IESNA disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any naturewhatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectl

9、y resultingfrom the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IESNA is not undertaking to render professional orother services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IESNA undertaking to perform anyduty owed by any person or ent

10、ity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on hisor her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional indetermining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IESNA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enfor

11、ce compliance with the contents ofthis document. Nor does the IESNA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations forcompliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements ofthis document shall not be attributable to the IESNA and is so

12、lely the responsibility of the certifier ormaker of the statement.IESNA LM-78-07Prepared by the Photometry of Light Sources Subcommittee of the IESNA TestingProcedures CommitteeIESNA Photometry of Light Sources SubcommitteeJames R Cyre, ChairL. Ayers R. BergmanR. DaubachD. EllisD. KarambelasC. Mille

13、rY. Ohno*M. Kotrebai* Advisory* HonoraryIESNA Testing Procedures CommitteeMichael Grather, Chair C. AndersenJ. ArensL. AyersW. BeakesR. BergerR. BerginR. BergmanR. BlanchetteJ. CyreR. Dahl*R. DaubachW. Dorman*K. Dowling*D. EllisD. Goodwin*R. Heinisch*R. HoranD. Husby*M. Kalkas*D. Karambelas*M. Kotre

14、baiC. Latsis*J. Lawton*L. Leetzow*K. Lerbs*R. Levin*I. LewinR. Low*J. MarellaG. McKeeS. McKnight*C. MillerD. Mertz*B. Mosher*W. NewlandY. Ohno*C. OoyenD. Parkansky*E. Puszkar*D. RandolphD. RectorD. Smith*R. Speck*L. Stafford*G. SteinbergN. Stuffer*T. Yahraus*J. Zhang* Advisory* HonoraryIESNA LM-62-0

15、6IESNA LM-78-07CONTENTSForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Nomenclature and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.0 Ambient Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.0 Integrating Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.1 Size of the Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.2 Sphere Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.3 Baffle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.4 Auxiliary Lamp . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.5 Photometer Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.6 Lampho

21、lder and Mounting Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43.7 Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44.0 Lamp Circuits

22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45.0 Luminous Flux Standard Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45.1

23、 Incandescent Standard Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55.2 Discharge Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55.3 H

24、andling of Standard Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56.0 Measurement Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56.1

25、 Operation of Standard Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56.2 Lamp Luminous Flux Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56.2.1 Integrating

26、Sphere Calibration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66.2.2 General Test Lamp Measurement Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66.3 Sources of Errors and Corrections . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66.3.1 Self-absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66.3.2 Spectral Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66.3.3 Spatial Nonuniformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76.3.4 Near-field Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76.3.5 Photometer Temperature Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86.3.6 Effect of Heat on the Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86.3.7 Length of the Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86.3.8 Other Sources of Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87.0 Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97.2 Uncertainty Analysis in Luminous Flux Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97.3 Calculation of the Combined Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108.0 Maintenance of Integrating Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Annex A Basic Integrating Sphere Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Annex B Measurement of the Relative Spectral Throughput of an Integrating Sphere . . . . . . . . . . .

35、.13Annex C Correction for the Spatial Nonuniformity Errors of an Integrating Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Annex D Alternate Method for Self-absorption Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15IESNA Approved Method for TotalLuminous Flux Measurement of Lam

36、psUsing an Integrating Sphere PhotometerFOREWORDThis document is one of a continuing series ofIESNA Approved Methods prepared to define abaseline for acceptable photometric proceduresleading to improved agreement among laboratories.This Approved Method explains a particular tech-nique for total lumi

37、nous flux measurement of alltypes of lamps using integrating spheres.1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 General Total luminous flux is the spatially integrated, pho-topically weighted, total light output from a lamp.Total luminous flux is an important parameter fornon-directional, general lighting products. For di

38、rec-tional lamps such as reflector lamps, intensity andbeam angle are important parameters. The lamp totalluminous flux divided by the lamp electrical power isthe luminous efficacy (lm/W) of a lamp. Thisapproved method describes a technique for measur-ing the total luminous flux of lamps using an in

39、tegrat-ing-sphere photometer employing V(H9261)-correctedphotometer head. The approved method is based onthe comparison of the total luminous flux of a testlamp to the total luminous flux of a standard lamp inan integrating sphere photometer.1.2 Nomenclature and Definitions(a) Luminous flux (H9021):

40、 the time rate of flow of radiantenergy evaluated in terms of a standardized visualresponse:H9021=KmH20885H9261H9021e,H9261(H9261)V (H9261)dH9261 (1)where: H9021e,H9261 (H9261) is the spectral concentration of radi-ant flux (e.g., in watts per nanometer), H9261 is thewavelength (e.g., in nanometer),

41、 V(H9261) is the spectralluminous efficiency in photopic vision, and Kmis themaximum photopic luminous efficacy of radiation,equal to 683 lm/W. The unit of luminous flux islumen (symbol: lm).(b) Total luminous flux (H9021): the cumulative luminousflux of a lamp for the solid angle of 4pi steradians.

42、 It isalso often called “luminous flux” in photometry prac-tice.The unit of total luminous flux is lumen.(c) Integrating-sphere photometer: a hollow spherewith an internal diffuse reflecting coating equipped witha photometer head and configured to measure thetotal luminous flux of a lamp contained i

43、n the sphere.(d) Sphere efficacy: the ratio (Ed/H9021) of the illumi-nance Edat the detector port to the total luminousflux H9021 of a source in the sphere.(e) Sphere responsivity: the ratio (yd/H9021) of the pho-tometer signal ydto the total luminous flux H9021 of asource in the sphere.Note: The de

44、finitions of terms used in this documentfollow References 1 and 2. The use of the photo-metric quantities and units in this document are inaccordance with the 1979 definition of the candelaand other definitions given in international recom-mendations.3,42.0 AMBIENT CONDITIONSThe integrating sphere e

45、fficacy can be slightlyaffected by changes in temperature or humidity. Theresponsivity of the photometer head on the integrat-ing sphere is also affected by changes of tempera-ture (typically on the order of 0.1 percent/C). Thus,it is preferred to place the integrating sphere in acontrolled environm

46、ent. The ambient conditions are more critical for measure-ments of particular types of discharge lamps. Forexample, fluorescent lamps are required to be operat-ed in an ambient temperature of 25 1C. Refer tothe appropriate IESNA Lighting Measurement (LM)documents for the required ambient conditions

47、foreach lamp type to be measured.51IESNA LM-78-073.0 INTEGRATING SPHEREFigure 1 shows the geometry of a typical integrat-ing sphere photometer for luminous flux measure-ments. The integrating sphere is equipped with aphotometer head, a baffle, an auxiliary lamp assem-bly, coating, lamp mounting hard

48、ware, lampholderand associated electrical wiring. Several importantdesign criteria for an integrating sphere photometerare described in the following sections.3.1 Size of the SphereThe optimum size of the sphere should be chosenby considering the following factors:A) Size of the lamp (thus, required

49、 size of thebaffle)B) Self-absorption of the lamp, lampholder, andlamp mounting hardwareC) Internal sphere temperatureD) Sphere responsivity (lowest measurable lumi-nous flux)Factors A, B, and C drive the sphere to be as large aspossible while factor D limits the sphere size. It is idealto have the sphere diameter larger than 10 times thelargest dimension of compact lamps and twice thelength of linear lamps to be measured.6Practically,integrating spheres of 1 m to 3 m diameter are nor-mally used for luminous flux measurement of general-purpose lamps (incandescent, linear