ISA BASIC ELEC CNTRL-2006 Basic Electricity and Electronics for Control - Fundamentals and Applications (Third Edition).pdf

1、BASIC ELECTRICITYAND ELECTRONICS FOR CONTROLFUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS3rd EditionThompson.book Page I Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMThompson.book Page II Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMBASIC ELECTRICITYAND ELECTRONICS FOR CONTROLFUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS3rd EditionbyLawrence (Larry) M. ThompsonTho

2、mpson.book Page III Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMCopyright 2006 by ISAInstrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, NC 27709All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2ISBN-13: 978-1-55617-988-4ISBN-10: 1-5561

3、7-988-XNo part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.NoticeThe information presented in this publication is for the ge

4、neral education of thereader. Because neither the author nor the publisher has any control over the useof the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher disclaim anyand all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected toexercise sound professional judgment

5、in using any of the information presentedin a particular application. Additionally, neither the author nor the publisherhave investigated or considered the affect of any patents on the ability of thereader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader isresponsible for review

6、ing any possible patents that may affect any particular useof the information presented.Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only.Neither the author nor the publisher endorses any referenced commercial product.Any trademarks or tradenames referenced belong to the r

7、espective owner of themark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representationregarding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. Themanufacturers instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed atall times, even if in conflict with the info

8、rmation in this publication.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThompson, Lawrence M.Basic electricity and electronics for control: fundamentals andapplications / by Lawrence M. Thompson. 3rd ed.p. cm.ISBN 1-55617-988-X (pbk.)1. Electronics. 2. Electricity. 3. Electronic controllers. I

9、.Title. TK7816.T45 2006629.8dc222006010559Thompson.book Page IV Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMThis book is dedicated to my wife, Gavina, who gladlyshared her time so that the work of this book could proceed.Thompson.book Page V Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMThompson.book Page VI Monday, May 22, 2006 4:5

10、7 PMVIITABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE XIIILIST OF CHAPTER OBJECTIVESXV1 ELECTRICAL BASICS.1ENERGY. 1POTENTIAL . 1CHARGE AND CURRENT 3THE COMPLETE PATH 4ELECTRICAL UNITS 5SAFETY. 8VOLTS, AMPS, AND OHMS 9STEADY VOLTAGE . 9OHM 10CONCLUSION. 162 TERMINOLOGY 17ACCURACY AND PRECISION. 17LEAST COUNT. 19DIGITAL O

11、R ANALOG 20REVIEW OF NUMBER SYSTEMS . 25CONCLUSION. 333 MEASUREMENT ERRORS 35ERROR TYPES . 35MORE DEFINITIONS 36MEAN . 37DEVIATION 38STANDARD DEVIATION 40COMPARISON CALIBRATION 41CALIBRATION CURVES 42MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY . 45MEDIAN AND MEAN . 45UNCERTAINTY . 46CONCLUSION. 48Thompson.book Page VII

12、 Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS4 BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT .51BASIC SETUP. 51THE RULES . 52OHMS LAW . 55RESISTORS 59STANDARD VALUES 64CONCLUSION 705 METER MOVEMENTS .71METER USE PRECAUTIONS . 71ANALOG METERS 72METER ACCURACY . 74OHMS SCALE 75ANALOG METER CHARACTERISTICS . 76DI

13、GITAL METERS . 76LED DISPLAY . 77LCD DISPLAYS . 78EL DISPLAYS . 78CONCLUSION 796 DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT81THE DC VOLTMETER . 81EXTENDED-RANGE VOLTMETER 83MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETERS 86METER SENSITIVITY. 93CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS. 95METER PROTECTION CIRCUITS 96TRANSIT LOCK . 97ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL VOLTMETE

14、R 98ACCURACY OF MOVEMENT . 98CONCLUSION 1037 DC CURRENT MEASUREMENT 105DC CURRENT METERS 105MOVING COIL METERS 105SERIES RESISTORS 107PARALLEL CURRENT PATHS . 107ASSUMED-VOLTAGE METHOD . 109PROPORTIONAL METHOD 110RECIPROCAL METHOD 110COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS. 111EXTENDED METER RANGES . 112Thompson.boo

15、k Page VIII Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMTABLE OF CONTENTS IXPROPERTIES OF DC CURRENT METERS 114UNIVERSAL/ARYTRON SHUNT 114MULTI-RANGE CURRENT METER FACTS . 115AMMETER CALIBRATION 116COMPARISON CALIBRATION . 116VOLTMETER-PRECISION RESISTOR 117INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 117REVIEW 119CONCLUSION. 1238 DC BR

16、IDGES.125WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 125MULTIPLIER RESISTORS 130APPLICATION 133CONCLUSION. 1369 AC FUNDAMENTALS 137ALTERNATING CURRENT DEFINED 137ELECTROMAGNETISM 139FIELD DEFINED 139SINUSOIDAL WAVE SHAPE . 140ALTERNATING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT . 142VALUES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT . 144RMS ENERGY. 145POWER 146ELEC

17、TROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS . 147CONCLUSION. 15110 AC SOURCE FUNDAMENTALS.153SIGNAL-FUNCTION GENERATOR . 153CONCLUSION. 15811 THE OSCILLOSCOPE .159CATHODE RAY TUBE 159DUAL-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE 163OTHER FEATURES 164OSCILLOSCOPE APPLICATIONS . 165OSCILLOSCOPE CONTROLS . 166DETERMINING FREQUENCY WITH LISSAJOU

18、S PATTERNS 170CONCLUSION. 175Thompson.book Page IX Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXTABLE OF CONTENTS12 REACTIVE COMPONENTS.177REACTIVE COMPONENTS 177CAPACITANCE . 177INDUCTANCE 195DISCHARGING THE MAGNETIC FIELD . 197INDUCTIVE PHASE RELATIONSHIPS 200RCL CIRCUITS . 202TRANSFORMERS 204CONCLUSION 21413 AC

19、MEASUREMENT215RECTIFICATION 215RECTIFICATION 217AC METERS 219HALF-WAVE METERS . 223DIGITAL AC METERS . 224CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING AC METERS. 225CONCLUSION 22814 SOLID STATE: PRINCIPLES .229PN JUNCTION 229LEAD IDENTIFICATION 235AMPLIFIERS 236AMPLIFIER TROUBLESHOOTING 239APPLICATION 240FIELD-EFFECT

20、TRANSISTORS 241CONCLUSION 24515 ZENER DIODES, SCRs, AND TRIACS247ZENER DIODES 247VOLTAGE REGULATION . 249SERIES PASS REGULATOR 249SILICON-CONTROLLED DEVICES . 251SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS. 251DIAC 254TRIAC 254SILICON-CONTROLLED SWITCH 257TROUBLESHOOTING . 258CONCLUSION 260Thompson.book Page X Mo

21、nday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMTABLE OF CONTENTS XI16 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS .261BASIC OP-AMP . 261THE DISCRETE OP-AMP CIRCUIT . 262ASSUMPTIONS . 264OPERATION 265TERMINOLOGY 266LINEAR OP-AMP CIRCUITS . 266OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGES . 270APPLICATION 271COMPARATORS . 271FUNCTIONAL CIRCUITS . 274CONCLUSION. 280

22、17 DIGITAL LOGIC 281FUNCTIONS 281STORAGE. 287COMPUTATIONAL . 289REPRESENTING BINARY PATTERNS. 290APPLICATION . 291CONCLUSION. 29718 ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION299THE DECIMAL SYSTEM REVIEW 299THE BINARY SYSTEM . 300THE HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM 301BINARY CODES 306ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 314SUMMARY 322CAL

23、IBRATION 322CONCLUSION. 32419 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 325TWO-WIRE LOOP . 325SOLENOIDS. 327UNBALANCED-TO-GROUND CIRCUIT . 329BALANCED-TO-GROUND CIRCUIT. 330PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) 331CONCLUSION. 332Thompson.book Page XI Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXII TABLE OF CONTENTSANSWERS TO CHAPTER E

24、XERCISES .335INDEX373Thompson.book Page XII Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXIIIPREFACEThis text started out many years ago as a lab-based text, one of the firstsuch published by ISAtitled Basic Electrical Measurements andCalibrationin 1978, nearly 28 years ago. Many things in the electrical/electronics

25、 industry have changed since this first edition was published.In the years following publication, digital instrumentation has becomeaffordable, widespread, and has almost totally displaced analog devices inautomation. While analog instruments have not completely disappeared,it is no longer the techn

26、ology of choice for current automationinstallations. With the plethora of commercial, affordable, and readilyavailable large-scale integrated circuits, ubiquitious microprocessors, andmemory, digital devices have become the low maintenance and easy-to-use form of industrial equipment now used in mea

27、surement and control.In order to have any utility in teaching the simple basics of electricity andelectronics, it became apparent that the original text would have to berevised wholesale to remain current. While this has been accomplished inthis edition, the focus is no longer on calibration, but on

28、 learning thebasics of electricity and electronics from a behavior-oriented perspectivewhich required a title change to more accurately reflect the bookscontents. Even the test procedures and generic overviews requiredupdating, in view of the fact that many of the maintenance philosophies,procedures

29、, and test equipment have dramatically changed since that firstbook was written.As before, the text is easy, behavior based, and uses repeatableobservations. As there is a multitude of equipment that could be used tosuccessfully accomplish lab experiments to reinforce the text, it is left tothe read

30、er to select his or her choice based on their reading of the text,availability, and affordability of equipment. A good place to start is theRadio Shack 200 or 500 in 1 kits (the author has no financial stake of anykind in Radio Shack or any of its corporate units).It was necessary to completely revi

31、se a number of chapters and add severalmore to include a discussion of basic electrics, measurements, reactivedevices, analog/digital conversions, and contemporary circuitry. In theend, this became a totally new and different work. Sadly, some materialhad to be left out due to irrelevance to modern

32、settings. We seldom seeKelvin bridges, let alone AC bridges, and most of us no longer work withresistive attenuators (pads) to match impedances.Thompson.book Page XIII Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXIV PrefaceAs stated before, this is basically a behavior-based text, not a design-orientedor math-based

33、 course, and it references equipment and circuitry found inmost industrial and commercial facilities. It is intended as a primer fortechnical and non-technical persons interested in the electronic andmeasurement areas. The examples used in the text attempt toapproximate “real-life” applications rath

34、er than prove a text-basedpassage. This text is applicable to the vocational, industrial, andoccupational areas. In most places this text is not rigorously mathematical; in some areaswhere precision in mathematics is necessary, those points are elaboratedupon. Where technical sophistication, as oppo

35、sed to ease ofunderstanding exists, understanding prevails. This is not an engineeringtext, but a basic and practical course in electrics and electronics. It isnot intended as a substitute for a technical education nor is it a pre-engineering text.For proper use, good practice, and to ensure the rea

36、ders ability to worksafely, a prior knowledge of standard workplace safety procedures andtechniques is required. A rudimentary knowledge of measurements andan experience in the proper use of typical test equipment will be of greatbenefit when reading this text. I hope this new version will be as ent

37、husiastically accepted as a teachingtool as was the previous edition and will give the user of the text thesatisfaction that he or she has achieved a significant background in topicsfound in most all technical occupations.I would like to acknowledge the many persons who helped this bookcome to fruit

38、ion; Ed Sullivan and Gerry Thomas, ISA instructors whopointed me in the right direction; the ISA Training Staff, who pointed outthe need and encouraged me; and those involved in the productionprocessparticularly Susan Colwellfor their patience and ability tochange my writing into some semblance of p

39、rose.Lawrence (Larry) M. Thompson Sr.April 2006ESdatCo707 Coleman St.Marlin, TX Thompson.book Page XIV Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXVLIST OF CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 1ELECTRICAL BASICS1. Identify electromotive force, current, charge, and work.2. Define Volt, Amp, and Ohm3. Determine the fundamental

40、 relationship between potential, current, and resistance.4. Use numerical prefixes as applied to electricity.CHAPTER 2TERMINOLOGYDefine:AccuracyPrecisionMeasurement UncertaintyResolutionLeast CountPrimary StandardSecondary StandardShop StandardCalibrationBinaryOctalDecimalHexadecimalThompson.book Pa

41、ge XV Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMXVI LIST OF CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 3MEASUREMENT ERRORS1. For a given set of measurements, determine:a. the arithmetic meanb. individual deviationc. average deviation2. Identify the one method to consistently reduce random error in measurements.3. Given a table of

42、 values, calculate the:a. deviationb. meanc. standard deviation CHAPTER 4BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT1. On a given circuit, determine the correct points for measurement of voltage across selected components.2. When given two of the three basic quantities use Ohms Law to determine the third.3. Discus

43、s how to measure current in a:a. series circuitb. parallel circuit4. List the precautions to be taken with each type of measurement.CHAPTER 5METER MOVEMENTS1. List the precautions necessary when using a meter.2. Match the digital meter display with its significant characteristic.CHAPTER 6DC VOLTAGE

44、MEASUREMENT1. Select the appropriate procedures to determine the value of analog DC voltmeter multiplier resistors.2. Draw the schematic of an analog voltmeter, labeling the values for each multiplier resistor for specified ranges.Thompson.book Page XVI Monday, May 22, 2006 4:57 PMLIST OF CHAPTER OB

45、JECTIVES XVII3. Differentiate between a digital DC voltmeter and an analog DC voltmeter, listing these differences.4. Perform the appropriate procedures to determine the multiplier values for extending DC voltmeter range. 5. For a given meter, determine the meter sensitivity.CHAPTER 7DC CURRENT MEAS

46、UREMENT1. Determine the total current and total resistance for multiple resistor combinations in parallel.2. Draw the circuit position of a meter when measuring current.3. Perform the appropriate procedures to determine the shunt values for extending DC ammeter range. 4. Determine meter error when g

47、iven a list of measurements and the true values, plotting a calibration curve.CHAPTER 8DC BRIDGES1. Using standard bridge arithmetic, determine the value of an unknown resistor when given operating values.2. Determine current flow in a Wheatstone Bridge.3. Determine the multiplier resistor necessary

48、 for a bridge to measure a selected resistance range.CHAPTER 9AC FUNDAMENTALS1. Given an alternating current wave-form, determine the:a. amplitudeb. frequencyc. phased. time period 2. Define the difference in energy content of a direct versus alternating current.Thompson.book Page XVII Monday, May 2

49、2, 2006 4:57 PMXVIII LIST OF CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 10AC SOURCE FUNDAMENTALS1. List the general procedures for using a signal/function generator to produce a specific signal frequency, amplitude, and shape.2. List the procedure for calibrating the output of a signal/function generator in applications.CHAPTER 11THE OSCILLOSCOPE1. Identify and label the major components of a cathode ray tube (CRT).2. Identify and level wave-form characteristics when given specified oscilloscope display wave-forms and input/time settings.3. Identify and