ISA HMN-MACH INTRFCE DES PROC CNTRL APP-2009 Human-Machine Interface Design for Process Control Applications.pdf

1、Human-Machine Interface Design for Process ControlFiset.book Page i Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMFiset.book Page ii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMHuman-Machine Interface Design for Process ControlJean-Yves FisetFiset.book Page iii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMHuman-Machine Interface

2、 Design for Process ControlCopyright 2009 by ISAInstrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, NC 27709All Rights Reserved.Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2ISBN: 978-1-934394-35-9No part of this work may be reproduced,

3、 stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. NoticeThe information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neit

4、her the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presen

5、ted in a particular application. Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the affect of any patents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may

6、affect any particular use of the information presented. Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author nor the publisher endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or trade names referenced belong to the respective owner of the mark o

7、r name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacturers instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publicati

8、on.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFiset, Jean-Yves.Human-machine interface design for process control / Jean-Yves Fiset.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-934394-35-91. Process control-Data processing. 2. Human-machine systems. I.Title. TS156.8.F565 200

9、9670.4275-dc222008037769Fiset.book Page iv Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMTo Ccile, Elisabeth, and Monique, for the kindness you bring to this world. To mentors, friends and colleagues, whose questions and challenges have helped clarify my thinking and understanding.Jean-Yves Fiset, Eng., Ph.D.F

10、iset.book Page v Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMFiset.book Page vi Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMviiTable of ContentsPreface xiAbout the Author xiiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xvii1 Introduction 1Audience 2Why Design an HMI? 2Organization of the Book 5Paper-based Publications 62 Design

11、ing a New HMI. 7Understanding the User 7Visual Perception 8Memory 10Decision-making 11Internal or Mental Model 12Human Error 13Operator Monitoring 15Linking HMI Design and System Design 16Standards and Guidelines 17Overall HMI Design Process 19Detailed Description of the HMI Design Method 22Fiset.bo

12、ok Page vii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMviii Table of ContentsExample: Newsprint Papermaking 22Planning the User-Centered Design Process 24Description of the Planning Phase 24Example: Carrying Out the Planning Phase 25Understanding and Specifying the Context of Use 26Description of the Contex

13、t of Use 27Example: Analyzing the Context of Use 30Specifying User and Organizational Requirements 34Description of User and Organizational Requirements 34Example: Analyzing User and Organizational Requirements 36Documentation 38Producing Design Solutions 38Production of Design Solutions 40Example:

14、Producing Design Solutions 49Specification of the Resulting HMI 52Integrating Software-based and Hardwired HMIs 53Transition 54References and Additional Readings 54Paper-based Publications 54Web-based Resources 563 Evaluating the Design Against the Requirements 57Description of the Evaluation of Des

15、ign Solutions 57Heuristic Evaluations 57Example of Heuristic Evaluation 61Usability Testing 63Usability Testing Example 67Transition 71References and Additional Readings 71Paper-based Publications 71Web-based Resources 724 Specifying an HMI 73Standards and Guidelines 74How to Specify an HMI 75Ground

16、 Rules 75Fiset.book Page viii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMTable of Contents ixStarting to Specify: Introduction 77Specifying Common Elements: General Section 77Specifying Individual Components: Detailed Specification 78An Example of Specification 79References and Additional Readings 82Paper-b

17、ased Publications 82Web-based Resources 825 Improving an Existing HMI 83Why Improve an Existing HMI? 83Improving an Existing HMIWith Design Basis 85Improving an Existing HMIWithout Design Basis 89Transition 92References and Additional Readings 936 Continuous, Batch, Discrete and Hybrid Applications

18、95Designing HMIs for Different Types of Applications 95Transition 987 Integrating Heterogeneous HMIs 99What Integration Means 99Simple Integration Strategies 100Component-specific Integration Rules 102Allocating Control and Monitoring Functionality to Computerized or Hardwired Panels 102Using Large

19、Screen Displays 105Using Portable and Wireless Devices 107Combining HMI Resources 109Transition 109References and Additional Readings 109Paper-based Publications 110Web-based Resources 1108 Overall Organization of HMIs in a Control Room 111Workstations 112Advantages, Disadvantages and Utilization 11

20、2Fiset.book Page ix Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMx Table of ContentsOrganizing PrinciplesWorkstations 114Organizing PrinciplesAdditional HMI Components 117Locating the HMI Components 118Transition 122References and Additional Readings 122Paper-based Publications 122Web-based Resources 1249 Add

21、itional HMI Components 125Operating Procedures 125The Benefits of Procedures 126The Development Process 127Define the Purpose and Scope of the Procedures 127Defining Training Requirements for Using the Procedures 128Specifying How to Write, Validate and Verify Procedures 128Determining the Content o

22、f Procedures 130Procedure Design Principles and Rules 130Structuring with Goals 131Complying with and Deviating from Procedure Steps 131Writing Procedure Steps 132Considerations for Computerized Procedures 132Integration with the HMI 134Decision-Support Systems 136Challenges 137Integration into the

23、HMI 138Conclusion 139Paper-based Publications 140A Design Guidelines and Components . 141Computer-based HMIs 141Hardwired panels 142Large screen displays (LSDs) 142Glossary 165Index 167Fiset.book Page x Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxiPrefaceThis book was written to share a passion: designing h

24、uman-machineinterfaces that enable organizations to be more efficient and safer,and users to be more satisfied about what they do. When the author was given his first design assignment for a newhuman-machine interface, he realized that in spite of the academictraining he had received in this area, h

25、e was still ill-equipped to pro-duce the required design. After several years of experience and count-less projects, as well as teaching numerous courses on the same topic,the author realized that it takes some key ingredients to produce gooddesign: A good understanding of how users comprehend a sys

26、tem and control it. In some cases, this understanding will even force the designer to let go of preconceived ideas about how operators work (the author had to, anyway). A wide knowledge of the appropriate design principles and rules. Those will be both generic (applicable across domains) and specifi

27、c (for a given domain, such as industrial process control). The design principles and rules are usually drawn from specific standards, guidelines and even textbooks. We do not intend to repeat all of those in this book, but rather to provide you with pointers to the appropriate sources of informatio

28、n. A strong understanding of engineering design in general and of the processes used for designing human-machine interfaces Fiset.book Page xi Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxii Prefacein particular. It is necessary to both understand how to do the interface design itself, and, sometimes just as

29、 importantly, to understand where and how the interface design will impact the overall design project.There are also unexpected benefits in understanding human-machineinterface design. As you will discover, most equipment or even piecesof information (e.g., documents and Web pages) has an interface.

30、Interestingly, the approach used to design those interfaces is the sameas the one described in this book; usually, the differences reside in thedetailed design rules, while the overall process and principles remainthe same. In other words, the material in this book will be useful evenoutside the rea

31、lm of industrial process control (in much the same wayas arithmetic is used anywhere calculations are required). You will hopefully also find that human-machine interface designoffers a unique occasion to positively affect human and organiza-tional performance, and this is often an exhilirating expe

32、rience.Finally, I hope that you will enjoy this material as much as I haveenjoyed writing about it. Jean-Yves Fiset, Eng., Ph.D.Fiset.book Page xii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxiiiAbout the AuthorJean-Yves Fiset started his career as an electronic technologist for aprocess automation firm whe

33、re he acquired a fair bit of practical expe-rience on installation and troubleshooting, and explaining how thosesystems work. This is where he realized the importance of the inter-face between the users and the equipment. He then completed abachelor of engineering (industrial engineering) and a Mast

34、er ofApplied Sciences (industrial engineering) specializing in human fac-tors and artificial intelligence at cole Polytechnique de Montral.After graduating, he went to work for Atomic Energy of Canada(AECL) as a research scientist specializing in human-machine inter-faces, automated emergency operat

35、ing procedures and control rooms.Concurrently, he started a Ph.D., again at cole Polytechnique deMontral, where his dissertation dealt with the design of human-machine interfaces for monitoring and controlling complex systems.After leaving AECL, Dr. Fiset established Systmes Humains-MachinesInc. (“S

36、humac”), which specializes in the analysis, design and valida-tion of high-performance human-machine interfaces in the aero-space, nuclear, military, Web, industrial, banking and software fields.He also teaches (human factors, cognitive engineering, artificial intel-ligence) at the undergraduate and

37、 graduate levels since 1991. Overall,he has been involved with using and (sometimes!) understandingcomplex systems for nearly 30 years.Fiset.book Page xiii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMFiset.book Page xiv Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxvList of FiguresFigure 11 Growth of Bandwidth Offered

38、 by HMIs 4Figure 21 Determination of Character Height 9Figure 22 HMI Design and the Overall Design Cycle 16Figure 23 Overall HMI Design Process 20Figure 24 Fictitious Newsprint Machine 23Figure 25 Fragment of a Model of the Operators Task 33Figure 26 Example of Transition from HMI Architecture to De

39、tailed Design 47Figure 27 Example of Reduction in Perceived Complexity 47Figure 28 Example of Using Human Pattern Recognition 48Figure 29 Example Template for Display 50Figure 210 Sample Monitoring Display and HTA Fragment 51Figure 31 Sample Window for Heuristic Evaluation 62Figure 32 Sample Hardwir

40、ed Panel 68Figure 33 Mock-up 1 70Figure 34 Mock-up 1 with Indication of Results 70Figure 35 Mock-up 2 71Fiset.book Page xv Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxvi List of FiguresFigure 41 Format for Individual Window or Category of Windows 79Figure 51 Results Gap 85Figure 52 Process to Enhance an Exi

41、sting HMIwith Design Basis 87Figure 53 Process to Enhance an Existing HMIwithout Design Basis 90Figure 61 Impacts of Application-specific Design Principles on the HMI Design Process 98Figure 71 Example of a Heterogeneous Environment 100Figure 72 Information Integration 105Figure 81 (a) Side-by-Side

42、Arrangement. (b) Alternate Arrangement. 117Figure 82 Raw DataMoves 121Figure 83 Summary of MovesBilateral 121Figure 84 Results from Analysis and Optimization 121Fiset.book Page xvi Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMxviiList of TablesTable 21 Standards and Guidelines Relevant to HMI Design.18Table 2

43、2 HMI Design Project Schedule. 27Table 23 Examples of User Characteristics . 29Table 24 Key Characteristics of Generic Tasks. 43Table 31 List of Heuristics. 60Table 41 Format for Individual Window or Category of Windows (Reference Figure 41). 80Table 42 Example Table of Contents. 81Table 71 Comparis

44、on of LSD Technologies 106Table 81 General Characteristics of Workstations. 113Table A1 Computer-based HMI . 143Table A2 Windows . 147Table A3 Display Components. 150Table A4 Inputs. 154Table A5 Hardwired PanelsGeneral . 158Table A6 Hardwired PanelsControls 159Table A7 Hardware PanelsDisplays . 161T

45、able A8 Large Screen Displays 162Table A9 Procedures. 163Fiset.book Page xvii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AMFiset.book Page xviii Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AM11IntroductionThis book aims to provide users and designers of industrial controland monitoring systems with an easy-to-useyet eff

46、ectivemethodto configure, design, and validate human-machine interfaces (HMIs).Such systems include distributed control systems (DCSs); supervisorycontrol and data acquisition systems (SCADAs); and stand-aloneunits. Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) are typically real-time, fault-tolerant systems f

47、or continuous and complex batch process applications. DCSs were developed initially for continuous flow processes that required loop, analog, and limited discrete control. A DCS, while functionally integrated, consists of sub-systems that may be physically separate and remotely located from one anot

48、her. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is typically a generic name for a computerized system capable of gathering and processing data and applying operational controls over long distances, such as is used with power transmission and distribution and pipeline systems. SCADA syst

49、ems are designed for unique communication challenges (delays, data integrity, etc.) resulting from the various media that must be used, such as phone lines, microwave, satellite, and so on. SCADA systems are usually shared, rather than dedicated.Fiset.book Page 1 Friday, September 12, 2008 10:56 AM2 Chapter 1Introduction Stand-alone Units are typically simple, embedded systems that perform pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements.This book discusses the overall HMI design process; how that proc