1、 Recommendation ITU-R BT.1907(01/2012)Objective perceptual video quality measurement techniquesfor broadcasting applications using HDTV in the presenceof a full reference signalBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ens
2、ure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of
3、 the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced i
4、n Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R pa
5、tent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (
6、television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixe
7、d service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2012 IT
8、U 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1907 Objective perceptual video quality measurement techniques for broadcasting applications using HDTV in the presence
9、of a full reference signal (2012) Scope This Recommendation specifies methods for estimating the perceived video quality of broadcasting applications using HDTV when a full reference signal is available. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the ability to automatically measure th
10、e quality of broadcast video has long been recognized as a valuable asset to the industry; b) that Recommendation ITU-R BT.1683 describes objective methods for measuring the perceived video quality of standard definition digital broadcast television in the presence of a full reference; c) that Recom
11、mendation ITU-R BT.709 describes parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange and Recommendation ITU-R BT.710 describes subjective assessment methods for image quality in high-definition television; d) that HDTV is becoming widely used in broadcasting;
12、e) that ITU-T Study Group 9, based on the results of the HDTV report sent by VQEG, has produced Recommendation ITU-T J.341, which specified objective perceptual video quality measurement of HDTV in the presence of a full reference; f) that objective measurement of the perceived video quality of HDTV
13、 may complement subjective assessment methods, recommends that the objective video quality model given in Annexes 1, 2 and 3 should be used for objective measurement of perceived video quality for broadcasting applications using HDTV in the presence of a full reference signal. 2 Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 A
14、nnex 1 1 Introduction This Recommendation provides a perceptual video quality measurement method for use in high definition television (HDTV) non-interactive applications when the full reference (FR) measurement method can be used. The model was developed to estimate subjective quality scores. The f
15、ull reference measurement method can be used when the unimpaired reference video signal is readily available at the measurement point, as may be the case of measurements on individual equipment or a chain in the laboratory or in a closed environment such as a television broadcast station. The estima
16、tion method includes both calibration and objective video quality estimations. The validation test material contained both H.264 and MPEG-2 coding degradations and various transmission error conditions (e.g. bit errors, dropped packets). The model in this Recommendation may be used to monitor the qu
17、ality of deployed networks to ensure their operational readiness. The visual effects of the degradations may include spatial as well as temporal degradations. The model in this Recommendation can also be used for lab testing of video systems. When used to compare different video systems, it is advis
18、able to use a quantitative method (such as that in ITU-T J.149) to determine the models accuracy for that particular context. This Recommendation is deemed appropriate for broadcasting services delivered between 1 Mbit/s and 30 Mbit/s. The following resolutions and frame rates were considered in the
19、 validation test: 1080/59.94/I 1080/25/P 1080/50/I 1080/29.97/P The following conditions were allowed in the validation test for each resolution: Test factors Video resolution: 1920x1080 interlaced and progressive Video frame rates 29.97 and 25 frames per second Video bitrates: 1 to 30 Mbit/s Tempor
20、al frame freezing (pausing with skipping) of maximum 2 seconds Transmission errors with packet loss Conversion of the SRC from 1080 to 720/P, compression, transmission, decompression, and then conversion back to 1080. Coding technologies H.264/AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10) MPEG-2 Note that 720/P was consider
21、ed in the validation test plan as part of the test condition (HRC). Because currently 720/P is commonly up-scaled as part of the display, it was felt that 720/P HRCs would more appropriately address this format. Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 3 1.1 Application The applications for the estimation model described
22、 in this Recommendation include, but are not limited to: 1) Potentially real-time, in-service quality monitoring at the source; 2) Remote destination quality monitoring when a copy of the source is available at the point of measurement; 3) Quality measurement for monitoring of a storage or transmiss
23、ion system that utilizes video compression and decompression techniques, either a single pass or a concatenation of such techniques; 4) Lab testing of video systems. 1.2 Limitations The video quality estimation model described in this Recommendation cannot be used to replace subjective testing. Corr
24、elation values between two carefully designed and executed subjective tests (i.e. in two different laboratories) normally fall within the range 0.95 to 0.98. If this Recommendation is utilized to make video system comparisons (e.g. comparing two codecs), it is advisable to use a quantitative method
25、to determine the models accuracy for that particular context. When frame freezing was present, the test conditions typically had frame freezing durations less than 2 seconds. The model in this Recommendation was not validated for measuring video quality in a re-buffering condition (i.e. video that h
26、as a steadily increasing delay or freezing without skipping). The model was not tested on other frame rates than those used in TV systems (i.e. 29.97 frames per second and 25 frames per second, in interlaced or progressive mode). It should be noted that in case of new coding and transmission technol
27、ogies producing artefacts which were not included in this evaluation, the objective model may produce erroneous results. Here, a subjective evaluation is required. 2 References None. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 Subje
28、ctive assessment (picture): The determination of the quality or impairment of programme like pictures presented to a panel of human assessors in viewing sessions. 3.1.2 Objective perceptual measurement (picture): The measurement of the performance of a programme chain by the use of programme-like pi
29、ctures and objective (instrumental) measurement methods to obtain an indication that approximates the rating that would be obtained from a subjective assessment test. 3.1.3 Proponent: An organization or company that proposes a video quality model for validation testing and possible inclusion in an I
30、TU Recommendation. 4 Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 Frame rate: The number of unique frames (i.e. total frames repeated frames) per second. 3.2.2 Simulated transmission errors: Errors imposed upon the digital video b
31、it stream in a highly controlled environment. Examples include simulated packet loss rates and simulated bit errors. Parameters used to control simulated transmission errors are well defined. 3.2.3 Transmission errors: Any error imposed on the video transmission. Example types of errors include simu
32、lated transmission errors and live network conditions. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: ACR Absolute Category Rating (see ITU-R BT.500) ACR-HR Absolute Category Rating with Hidden Reference (see ITU-T P.910) AVI Audio Video Interleave DM
33、OS Difference Mean Opinion Score FR Full Reference FRTV Full Reference TeleVision HRC Hypothetical Reference Circuit ILG VQEGs Independent Laboratory Group MOS Mean Opinion Score MOSp Mean Opinion Score, predicted NR No (or Zero) Reference PSNR Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio PVS Processed Video Sequence
34、 RMSE Root Mean Square Error RR Reduced Reference SFR Source Frame Rate SRC Source Reference Channel or Circuit VQEG Video Quality Experts Group YUV Colour Space and file format 5 Conventions None. 6 Description of the full reference methodology The double-ended measurement method with full referenc
35、e, for objective measurement of perceptual video quality, evaluates the performance of systems by making a comparison between the undistorted input, or reference, video signal at the input of the system, and the degraded signal at the output of the system (Fig. 1). Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 5 Figure 1 show
36、s an example of application of the full reference method to test a codec in the laboratory. FIGURE 1 Application of the full reference perceptual quality measurement method to test a codec in the laboratory BT.1907-01Input/referencevideoCoder DecoderOutput/degraded videoMeasurement systemObjective p
37、icturequality rating0510 152025The comparison between input and output signals may require a temporal alignment or a spatial alignment process, the latter to compensate for any vertical or horizontal picture shifts or cropping. It also may require correction for any offsets or gain differences in bo
38、th the luminance and the chrominance channels. The objective picture quality rating is then calculated, typically by applying a perceptual model of human vision. Alignment and gain adjustment is known as registration. This process is required because most full reference methods compare reference and
39、 processed pictures on what is effectively a pixel-by-pixel basis. The video quality metrics described in Annex 2 include registration methods. As the video quality metrics are typically based on approximations to human visual responses, rather than on the measurement of specific coding artefacts, t
40、hey are in principle equally valid for analogue systems and for digital systems. They are also in principle valid for chains where analogue and digital systems are mixed, or where digital compression systems are concatenated. Figure 2 shows an example of the application of the full reference method
41、to test a transmission chain. FIGURE 2 Application of the full reference perceptual quality measurement method to test a transmission chain BT.1907-02Input/referencevideoCoderOutput/degraded videoMeasurement systemObjective picturequality rating0510 152025Digital TV chain(network, equipment)Referenc
42、edecoderTransmission impairmentsIn this case, a reference decoder is fed from various points in the transmission chain, e.g. the decoder can be located at a point in the network, as in Fig. 2, or directly at the output of the encoder, as in Fig. 1. If the digital transmission chain is transparent, t
43、he measurement of objective picture quality rating at the source is equal to the measurement at any subsequent point in the chain. 6 Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 It is generally accepted that the full reference method provides the best accuracy for perceptual picture quality measurements. The method has been
44、proven to have the potential for high correlation with subjective assessments made in conformity with the ACR-HR methods specified in ITU-T P.910. 7 Findings of the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) Studies of perceptual video quality measurements are conducted in an informal group, called the Vide
45、o Quality Experts Group (VQEG), which reports to ITU-T Study Groups 9 and 12 and ITU-R Study Group 6. The recently completed high definition television phase I test of VQEG assessed the performance of proposed full reference perceptual video quality measurement algorithms. The following statistics a
46、re taken from the final VQEG HDTV report. Note that the body of the VQEG HDTV report includes other metrics including Pearson Correlation and RMSE calculated on individual experiments, confidence intervals, statistical significance testing on individual experiments, analysis on subsets of the data t
47、hat include specific impairments (e.g. H.264 coding-only), scatter plots, and the fit coefficients. Primary analysis The performance of the FR model is summarized in Table 1. The PSNR is calculated according to ITU-T J.340 and included in this analysis for comparison purposes. “Superset RMSE” identi
48、fies the primary metric (RMSE) computed on the aggregated superset (i.e. all six experiments mapped onto a single scale). “Top performing group total” identifies the number of experiments (0 to 6) for which this model was either the top performing model or statistically equivalent to the top perform
49、ing model. “Better than PSNR total” identifies the number of experiments (0 to 6) for which the model was statistically better than PSNR. “Better Than Superset PSNR” lists whether each model is statistically better than PSNR on the aggregated superset. “Superset Correlation” identifies the Pearson Correlation computed on the aggregated superset. TABLE 1 Metric PSNR SwissQual Superset RMSE 0.71 0.56 Top performing group total 1 5 Better than PSNR total 4 Better than superset PSNR Yes Superset correlation 0.78 0.87 Rec. ITU-R BT.1907 7 Annex 2 Model description Editors note
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