1、 Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.1401-1*,*Considerations for the identification of possible frequency bands for fixed wireless access and related sharing studies (Questions ITU-R 215/8 and ITU-R 140/9) (1999-2004) 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The objective of this Recommendation is to pro
2、vide guidance for the identification of suitable frequency spectrum for terrestrial fixed wireless access (FWA) applications, taking due account of sharing issues. Both traditional wireless telephony applications as well as emerging broadband wireless applications are considered. The potential for F
3、WA to enhance availability of telecommunications services in both developing and developed countries is substantial. 1.2 Background Wireless access has been defined (see Recommendation ITU-R F.1399 as “end-user radio connection(s) to core networks”, where core networks include, for example, PSTN, IS
4、DN, PLMN, PSDN, Internet, WAN/LAN, CATV, etc. Wireless access applications can be provided within the definitions of the radio services FS, MS, FSS and MSS contained in the Radio Regulations (RR) (see 4 for list of acronyms). FWA is one of these wireless access applications in which the location of
5、the end-user termination and the network access point to be connected to the end-user are fixed. Technologies in use today for implementing wireless access include cellular systems, cordless phone and cordless telecommunication systems, satellite systems, and specialized point-to-point (P-P) and poi
6、nt-to-multipoint (P-MP) fixed wireless systems. New technologies and systems such as IMT-2000, wireless broadband ISDN, wireless ATM, etc., also form part of wireless access if their application satisfies the basic criteria of end-user radio connection(s) to core networks (see 4 for list of acronyms
7、). 1.3 Traditional telephony wireless access applications Advances in technology and competitive access are driving the revolution towards wireless access infrastructure for the provision of basic telephone service. Traditionally the most difficult component of the network to build and the least cos
8、t-effective to maintain has proven to be the LAN, regardless of a developing or a developed economy. The sheer scope of investment and engineering efforts required to build and maintain copper-based networks has made high penetration rates for basic telephone service available only to industrialized
9、 nations of the world. *This Recommendation was initially developed jointly by Radiocommunication Study Groups 8 and 9, and afterwards revised by Study Group 9. Any further revision of texts relating to FWA systems derived from mobile technologies, i.e. 1.3, 5.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, should be undertaken j
10、ointly with Study Group 8. *This Recommendation should be brought to the attention of Radiocommunication Study Group 8. 2 Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 Even the relatively low target subscriber density (teledensity) rate of 20 lines per 100 population set by the ITU, has been far beyond the capability of many
11、 nations until recently. Wireless access is an application of radio technology and personal communication systems experiencing tremendous growth, especially in developing economies. Generally, a wide range of radio system designs could be used for FWA and the suitability is a function of a number of
12、 factors. The most suitable system for a particular application will tend in general to depend on the requirements of the end-user, the cost of deployment (which will depend on the density of the subscriber population and the type of system being considered) and the availability of the appropriate r
13、adio-frequency spectrum for that system. The requirement for mobility or portability would tend to drive the deployment of systems derived from cellular technologies. Alternatively, the requirement for wireline quality and services (such as G3 FAX and voiceband data or even ISDN) would tend to be dr
14、ivers towards special-purpose designed systems. Understanding the drivers for the deployment of each technology is a key factor in minimizing the cost and maximizing the effectiveness of the solution. In some cases wireless access may offer potential for evolution and synergy with mobile services. A
15、n infrastructure supporting a fixed wireless system using an air interface developed for mobile services, (e.g. Recommendations ITU-R F.757, ITU-R M.622, ITU-R M.687, ITU-R M.819, ITU-R M.1033, and ITU-R M.1073) might be readily extended to support mobile users. Alternatively, special-purpose system
16、s can be designed to meet the quality requirements in an optimal manner. Volume 1 of the ITU-R Land Mobile (including Wireless Access) Handbook, Second Edition, 2001, provides further information on the basic principles and descriptions of wireless access systems. 1.4 Broadband wireless access Local
17、 access and other high density fixed wireless system planning and system deployments have developed in the last few years in many administrations. This development is due in large part to the trend towards increased demand and competition in the provision of high bit-rate local telecommunications an
18、d video distribution services. Because of cost and speed of deployment considerations, these developments are placing a major new focus on the provision of services directly to end-users via FWA systems. Current broadband wireless access data rates over individual circuit paths range from about 1.5
19、Mbit/s to about 51 Mbit/s, and are expected to reach at least 310 Mbit/s within the next few years, as radios utilizing higher order modulation schemes become available (see Recommendations ITU-R F.758 and ITU-R F.1499). The variety of possible broadband FWA network configurations includes: conventi
20、onal P-P, conventional P-MP, and combinations thereof, e.g. P-P systems deployed in multisectored P-MP configurations. High density deployment of independent P-P links similarly results in clusters that assume the essential characteristics of P-MP deployment. An emerging system architecture is that
21、of MP-MP, similar to mesh systems used at, for example, HF. These broadband FWA systems are predominantly deployed in dense urban, suburban, and campus environments where transmission path elevation angles may reach up to about 40 to 60 in particular in the higher frequency bands (see Recommendation
22、 ITU-R F.1498 dealing with the 38 GHz band). Links are regularly deployed on an on-demand basis to meet specific end-user requirements as they develop. Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 3 2 Scope This Recommendation provides, as an initial in response to Questions ITU-R 215/8 and ITU-R 140/9, a methodology for id
23、entification of suitable frequency spectrum for FWA systems and a list of items to be addressed in identifying candidate bands. These take into account the results of ITU-R studies on compatible operations with systems in other radio services sharing the same bands, characteristics and operational r
24、equirements, spectrum requirements, and interference mitigation technologies. Bands identified using the methodology mentioned in 6.1 could support traditional telephony wireless access applications or new and emerging broadband wireless access. The scope of this Recommendation covers only FWA syste
25、ms operating in the FS and MS allocations; i.e. terrestrial. 3 References This list of references includes general references relevant to the topic of FWA. Recommendation ITU-R F.746: Radio-frequency channel arrangements for fixed service systems Recommendation ITU-R F.748: Radio-frequency arrangeme
26、nts for systems of the fixed service operating in the 25, 26 and 28 GHz bands Recommendation ITU-R F.749: Radio-frequency arrangements for systems of the fixed service operating in the 38 GHz band Recommendation ITU-R F.755: Point-to-multipoint systems used in the fixed service Recommendation ITU-R
27、F.757: Basic system requirements and performance objectives for fixed wireless access using mobile-derived technol-ogies using telephony and data communication services Recommendation ITU-R F.758: Considerations in the development of criteria for sharing between the terrestrial fixed service and oth
28、er services Recommendation ITU-R F.1249: Maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of transmitting stations in the fixed service operating in the frequency band 25.25-27.5 GHz shared with the inter-satellite service Recommendation ITU-R F.1399: Vocabulary of terms for wireless access Recommend
29、ation ITU-R F.1400: Performance and availability requirements and objectives for fixed wireless access to public switched telephone network Recommendation ITU-R F.1402: Frequency sharing criteria between a land mobile wireless access system and a fixed wireless access system using the same equipment
30、 type as the mobile wireless access system Recommendation ITU-R F.1488: Frequency block arrangements for fixed wireless access systems in the range 3 400-3 800 MHz 4 Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 Recommendation ITU-R F.1489: A methodology for assessing the level of operational compatibility between fixed wire
31、less access and radio-location systems when sharing the band 3.4-3.7 GHz Recommendation ITU-R F.1498: Deployment characteristics of fixed service systems in the band 37-40 GHz for use in sharing studies Recommendation ITU-R F.1499: Radio transmission systems for fixed broadband wireless access based
32、 on cable modem standards Recommendation ITU-R F.1509: Technical and operational requirements that facilitate sharing between point-to-multipoint systems in the fixed service and the inter-satellite service in the band 25.25-27.5 GHz Recommendation ITU-R F.1518: Spectrum requirement methodology for
33、fixed wireless access and mobile wireless access networks using the same type of equipment, when coexisting in the same frequency band Recommendation ITU-R M.478: Technical characteristics of equipment and principles governing the allocation of frequency channels between 25 and 3 000 MHz for the FM
34、land mobile service Recommendation ITU-R M.819: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) for developing countries Recommendation ITU-R M.1033: Technical and operational characteristics of cordless telephones and cordless telecommunication systems Recommendation ITU-R M.1073: Digital c
35、ellular land mobile telecommunication systems Recommendation ITU-R M.1390: Methodology for the calculation of IMT-2000 terrestrial spectrum requirements Recommendation ITU-R M.1450: Characteristics of broadband radio local area networks Recommendation ITU-R M.1454: e.i.r.p. density limit and operati
36、onal restrictions for RLANs or other wireless access transmitters in order to ensure the protection of feeder links of non-geostationary systems in the mobile-satellite service in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz Recommendation ITU-R SF.1484: Maximum allowable values of power flux-density at the s
37、urface of the Earth produced by non-geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service operating in the 37.5-42.5 GHz band to protect the fixed service Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 5 Recommendation ITU-R SF.1486: Sharing methodology between fixed wireless access systems in the fixed service and very sma
38、ll aperture terminals in the fixed-satellite service in the 3 400-3 700 MHz band Recommendation ITU-R SF.1573: Maximum allowable values of power flux-density at the surface of the Earth by geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service operating in the 37.5-42.5 GHz band to protect the fixe
39、d service RR Number 5.547 Volume 1 of the ITU-R Handbook on Land Mobile (including Wireless Access): Fixed Wireless Access, 2nd edition, 2001. 4 List of acronyms ATM: Asynchronous transfer mode CATV: Community antenna television CDMA: Code division multiple access FDD: Frequency duplex division FS:
40、Fixed service FSS: Fixed satellite service FWA: Fixed wireless access HAPS: High altitude platform stations HDFS: High density applications in the fixed service IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 ISDN: Integrated services digital network LAN: Local area network LMCS: Local multip
41、oint communications systems LMDS: Local multipoint distribution systems MMDS: Multichannel multipoint distribution systems MP-MP: Multipoint to multipoint MS: Mobile service MSS: Mobile satellite service MVDS: Multipoint video distribution systems MWS: Multimedia wireless systems PCS: Personal commu
42、nications systems PLMN: Public land mobile network P-MP: Point-to-multipoint P-P: Point-to-point PSDN: Public switched digital network PSTN: Public switched telephone network 6 Rec. ITU-R F.1401-1 RLAN: Radio local area network TDD: Time division duplex TDMA: Time division multiple access WAN: Wide
43、area network 5 Considerations related to the use of the spectrum for FWA 5.1 General The terms fixed (radio) service and mobile (radio) service are defined by the RR. The radio service definitions form the basis for the allocation of radio spectrum internationally by the ITU as well as domestically
44、by each country. For the most part, the ITU has made joint allocations to the mobile and fixed services in various frequency bands. In some countries a choice has been made to limit use to one of the two services. Certain evolving wireless access applications do not fit explicitly into the definitio
45、ns of either the FS or the MS. The appropriate approach is to apply some flexibility in the interpretation of these definitions to be able to embrace these integrated applications under the umbrella of the FS and the MS. A key to the interpretation of the use of these terms is the concept of mobilit
46、y. If the device is intended to be used in motion or is normally moved from place to place, it is considered as part of the MS. On the other hand it is generally understood that portable systems, which are transportable but operate always in the fixed state, belong to the FS. Applications are envisa
47、ged for fixed radio service systems where the integration of wireless access devices that function as mobile (requiring mobile allocations) radio stations might be required. These situations have resulted from the converging requirements of both mobile and fixed radio services and the use of wireles
48、s access devices in integrated radio applications. In order to facilitate the introduction of FWA systems the following factors should be considered: There is a growing trend in certain frequency bands that fixed and mobile applications are converging. In circumstances stated in the above, systems c
49、an use technologies derived from mobile and fixed systems. Frequency reuse becomes increasingly effective at higher (millimetre wave) frequencies. Adaptive technologies and other advances are likely to afford greater effective capacity and spectrum efficiency in the future. Flexibility is needed in the frequency band structure to provide for multiple technologies and a variety of applications. Area-wide and site-by-site frequency assignments are commonly used for FWA. Service providers may benefit from economies
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