1、Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2015 mTHODS FOR DETERMINING NATIONAL LONG-TERM STRATEGIES FOR SPECTRUM UTILIZATION (Question ITU-R 205/1) (1998) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 2 CHAPTER 1 - Long-term planning process 2 2 National long term planning process 3 2.1 Spectrum requirements definition . 3 2.2
2、 Spectrum availability 3 2.3 Spectrum planning options 3 2.4 Spectrum planning implementation . 3 2.5 The iterative process 3 3 The management or administrative body 4 Annex 1 - Influencing factors 1 Introduction . 4 . CHAPTER 2 - Evaluation of scenarios 1 Introduction 5 2 The consultative approach
3、6 6 2.1 7 2.2 . 7 2.3 Analysis of usage trends 5 Inquiry into future spectrumlservice requirements . Interaction among/with representative groups 2.4 Example 7 3 The analytical approach 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Steps for the analytical approach development . 8 9 3.3 . The use of the analytical techn
4、ique in the long-term spectrum requirements planning process . CHAPTER 3 - Appropriate procedures for transition from present spectrum utilisation to long term objectives 10 1 Identification of long-term spectrum management objectives 10 2 Evaluation of current spectnim management process 10 3 Trans
5、ition procedures . 3.1 Encourage effective spectrum utilisation 3.1.1 Efficient use of new technologies for improved frequency re-use 3.1.2 Channel splitting . 3.1.3 Service displacement . 3.1.4 Service overlay and frequency band sharing . 3.1.5 Shared radio systems . 3.1.6 Use of the unused spectru
6、m . 3.1.7 Maximise the use of wireline distribution networks . 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 Page 3.2 Enhance spectrum use flexibility 12 3.3 Maximise the social and economic benefits that can be achieved by appropriate spectrum management 13 3.4 3.5 Ensure that the spectrum is use
7、d in all regions of the country where it is needed 13 13 Build a skilled work force and develop proper spectrum engineering tools . CHAPTER 1 Long-term planning process 1 Introduction Recommendation ITU-R SM. 1047 “National Spectrum Management” adopted in 1994 recommends “that the Handbook on Nation
8、al Spectrum Management be used as a guide for developing national spectrum management programmes.”. Chapter 3 “Spectrum Planning” of the Handbook defines “long-term planning” and describes “forecasts”, inter alia, but does not propose specific procedures for Administrations to follow. This Chapter i
9、s intended to fill this gap. At present, much spectrum planning is relatively short-term. However, if spectrum resources are to adequately support national goals and objectives, long-term planning is essential. It can provide a basis for effective spectrum management to ensure that spectrum is effic
10、iently allocated and assigned to accommodate constantly evolving spectrum requirements by new systems and their applications. It also facilitates decision-making by providing a basis for the practical consideration and evaluation of alternative courses of action. Long-term planning should endeavour
11、to: - make todays decisions on spectrum planning strategies in view of their consequences for the future, - identify the impact of past decisions on the future, - periodically adjust decisions to changing circumstances. It should be sufficiently comprehensive to accommodate the national spectrum req
12、uirements of both known and anticipated radiocommunication systems. It also leads to: - revision of the national table of frequency allocations, - the development of national positions on international radio conference agendas, and - revisions to spectrum regulations, policies and standards. Rep. IT
13、U-R SM.2015 3 2 National long-term planning process The development of long-term strategies for national spectrum use will require the implementation of a national long-term spectrum planning process. This process should include the following phases: 2.1 Spectrum requirements definition Spectrum req
14、uirements definition determines future broad-based national spectrum requirements for all radio services and technological, political and economic factors (see Annex 1 to this Chapter) which may influence spectrum use. Spectrum requirements can be defined on the basis of the evaluation of potential
15、scenarios (see Chapter 2). Traditionally, spectrum use scenarios have been evaluated on the basis of consultative inputs from concerned parties including national spectrum planning organisations within governmental departments or agencies, individual user requests, and the public. Recently steps hav
16、e been taken to perform scenario evaluation based on analytical modelling techniques (see Chapter 2, also applicable to the spectrum availability and spectrum option phases). 2.2 Spectrum availability The objective of this phase is to assess the availability of spectrum across all national radio ser
17、vices and to accommodate the spectrum requirements identified in the requirements definition phase. Inputs are primarily derived from within the administration itself but also can come from the ITU International Frequency List, ITU allotment Plans and any existing regional spectrum planning studies.
18、 2.3 Spectrum planning options The aim of this phase is to develop suitable spectrum planning options to satisfy spectrum requirements on the basis of the data from the two preceding phases. Any analysis for the development of spectrum options would need to take account of technical, political and e
19、conomic factors. The analysis would also assess the various opportunities for services given existing and projected radiocommunication environments and/or allocations. Recommendations regarding those service requirements unable to be accommodated within current national allocations will be based on
20、these analyses and any available spectrum monitoring results. Allocation options are developed and the relative costs of any reallocation to and/or movement of existing spectrum users assessed. 2.4 Spectrum planning implementation This phase would provide for the implementation of various spectrum p
21、lanning strategies (see Chapter 3) and could be expected to be an on-going process. The introduction of new services may require changes to national spectrum allocation tables and revisions to ITU regulations. Revisions to international regulations would be undertaken at the various ITU World Radioc
22、ommunication Conferences (WRCs). 2.5 The iterative process Previous decisions can be re-evaluated periodically or triggered by specific events and, if necessary, modified on the basis of the updated information. The planning process is therefore a continuous process of exploration and data processin
23、g rather than a linear process. A record of all changes can be maintained to provide a history of developments in the long-term plan. Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 3 The management or administrative body The establishment of a management or administrative body providing leadership and supervision for the imple
24、mentation of the spectrum planning programme is necessary to ensure that issues relating to long-term spectrum utilisation strategies can be addressed. This will include the introduction of an early recognition system within the framework of its planning procedures. However, the body may be supporte
25、d by special planning bodies such as project groups and task forces. Long-term planning is almost always a primary task at management level and one which cannot be delegated, due to the consequences and significance of the decisions to be taken. Such planning bodies are responsible for: - developing
26、 detailed strategic policies and solving problems concerning the conversion of strategic policies into operational plans; allocating financial and human resources; strategic review of procedures, results and requirements in conjunction with the implementation of strategies; any necessary recommendat
27、ions concerning adjustments to organisation and management systems, and updating the planning data used as a basis for frequency management. - - - - ANNEX 1 TO CHAPTER 1 Influencing factors The following is the list of influencing factors to be considered in the long-term planning process: 1 Politic
28、al and legal factors 1.1 Regulatory factors 1.1.1 International frequency allocation (ITU-R) 1.1.2 Regional frequency management bodies 1.1.3 National frequency allocation procedure 1.1.4 1.1.5 Standardisation policy 1.1.6 Telecommunications infrastructure factors Frequency management procedures of
29、neighbouring administrations 1.2 Industrial factors 2 Economic factors 2.1 User mobility 2.2 Globalization 2.3 Overall economic development 2.4 Market factors 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Spectrum auctioning The role of new services and technologies Structure of prices and tariffs for equipment and servi
30、ces Market needs and marketing factors Procedures and practices used by service providers 2.5 Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 5 Social factors 3.1 3.2 3.3 Security and public safety 3.4 Ecological factors 4.1 Electromagnetic pollution 4.2 4.3 Debris in space Technical factors Changes in demand as a result of cha
31、nges in the social structure Changes in demand as a result of changes in the daily and life-time working hours Public acceptance of radio applications Public dislike of large antenna structures and proliferation of sites 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Basic technologies 5.1.1 Microelectronics 5.1.2 Signal proc
32、essing 5.1.3 Equipment components 5.1.3.1 Power supplies 5.1.3.2 Batteries 5.1.4 Communication media Coding and modulation techniques 5.2.1 Source coding 5.2.2 Channel coding 5.2.3 Modulation techniques Channel access techniques and transmission modes 5.3.1 Channel access 5.3.2 Diversity techniques
33、5.3.2.1 Time diversity 5.3.2.2 Frequency diversity 5.3.2.3 Antenna diversity 5.3.2.4 Space diversity 5.3.2.5 Direction diversity 5.4.3 Spread spectnim techniques Antennas 5.4.1 Antenna optimisation 5.4.1.1 5.4.1.2 Use of new technologies and manufacturing methods to reduce side lobe level New method
34、s in antenna development Data processing in telecommunications CHAPTER 2 Evaluation of scenarios 1 Introduction Depending on the national outlook, available resources, and spectrum regulatory framework, a national spectrum manager may select from a number of methods to evaluate scenarios with respec
35、t to their potential impact on spectrum use. The evaluation of the scenarios that impact spectrum use can rely on consultative or analytical approaches or a combination of approaches. It can be very detailed, considering all potential factors, or more cursory in its overview. 6 Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 Fu
36、rthermore, the responsibility for consideration of factors can be primarily that of the national spectrum manager (see also Chapter 1) or be distributed to the interested constituents. This evaluation of scenarios ultimately helps to form the basis for national spectrum manager decisions regarding s
37、pectrum allocation or regulations. A scenario is a hypothetical sequence of events, based on event and developments related to a specific field (e.g. a country?s population trends), or to a specific period of time that in some manner relate to each other. A scenario is not itself a forecast but comp
38、lements traditional forecasting by providing a record of a possible sequence of individual events related to one particularly interesting system aspect. Within the framework of long-term planning scenarios are used to predict possible developments. They serve to: - increase the reliability of foreca
39、sts and interpret risks (reliability), and - identify potential strategic options. The scenarios are based on the main factors of influence, i.e. the political, economic, social and technical factors. They can be developed systematically with different configurations of factors and their estimated d
40、egrees of probability. 2 The consultative approach The consultative approach is based on the premise that spectrum planners can, through collaborative proceedings involving spectrum users, service providers, and equipment manufacturers, arrive at a reasonably accurate and cost-effective determinatio
41、n of long-term spectrum requirements and use. Thus, it takes into consideration analytical and intuitive inputs from the spectrum community, placing the weight of responsibility for much of the analysis and forecasting on those who have the most at stake. The detail given to the analysis of factors
42、is up to the user community. Given the rapid change of the radiocommunications industry and the limited resources available to national spectrum managers, such an approach often represents the best, cost-effective option for spectrum planners. 2.1 Inquiry into future spectrdservice requirements The
43、consultative approach starts with an initial public notice or announcement, informing all interested parties that a long-term spectrum plan, or, in some cases, specific strategic component of a plan, is to be developed, and requesting technical, social, and economic information relative to such a pl
44、an. The notice should be widely distributed, preferably in an official publication known to have a large audience. The public nature of the notice is essential to gaining maximum interest and feedback from potential system operators. Limitations on its availability will limit the response. However,
45、in countries where such official publication methods do not exist or in cases where time is limited, the use of ongoing advisory bodies may represent an effective approach to gathering information. The scope of the inquiry must be defined, as well as the timetable for responses. Responses can be exp
46、ected from spectrum users groups, radio service providers, equipment manufacturers, government organisations, including the military, and the general public. Spectrum planners can require that responses be in writing or through direct dialogue. In any case, the responses received from these groups f
47、orm the basis for determining spectrum requirements and lead to spectrum management decisions. As noted above, a number of groups provide information to this consultative process. User groups are end users of telecommunications services that have a common interest in receiving the best service at th
48、e lowest cost. These user groups may be able to voice requirements for new or expanded radio services. Radiocommunication service providers are those commercial entities that supply services to the end users. Service providers have expectations of service growth based on their own surveys and busine
49、ss acumen. This service growth is reflected in a demand for additional spectrum. Radio equipment manufacturers have a vested interest in the growth of radio-based systems, and can provide technical comments on the suitability of various frequency bands for the proposed radio service, along with forecasts of technical advances that may improve spectrum efficiency. Rep. ITU-R SM.2015 7 The national and local governments, as well as the military, will have spectrum requirements for the satisfaction of future radiocommunications systems. Although commercial services can satisfy a portion of these
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