1、 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2057 Studies related to the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on radiocommunication services (2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 10 2 Characteristics of radiocommunication services 10 2.1 Characteristics and protection criteria of radioc
2、ommunication services 10 2.2 Categories of victim receivers 10 3 UWB characteristics. 11 3.1 Characteristics of devices using UWB technology 11 3.1.1 Multi-carrier/multi-band signalling 11 3.1.2 Time hopping . 11 3.2 UWB applications. 12 3.2.1 Applications of pervasive ultra-wideband radio systems (
3、PULSERS) 12 3.3 UWB characteristics and their impact on UWB capabilities 14 3.3.1 Introduction 14 3.3.2 UWB link budgets 14 3.3.3 Justification for a link margin 17 3.3.4 Impact on UWB capabilities 20 3.3.5 UWB operational criteria . 24 3.3.6 Conclusion . 24 3.4 Slope emission masks . 25 4 Impact of
4、 UWB on radiocommunication services . 26 4.1 Methodologies 26 4.2 Propagation prediction models for UWB interference studies . 26 4.2.1 Background 26 4.2.2 Radio modelling. 27 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 Page 4.2.3 Propagation models to assess potential interference from devices using UWB technology into c
5、onventional and relatively narrowband receivers . 28 4.2.4 Propagation models to assess compatibility between different devices using UWB technology. 29 4.2.5 A theoretical UWB multipath propagation model . 31 4.3 Aggregate interference analysis 31 4.3.1 UWB deployment scenarios for aggregate interf
6、erence analysis 31 4.3.2 Aggregate interference analysis in outdoor terrestrial urban environments 32 4.3.3 Aggregate interference measurement results . 43 5 Mitigation techniques . 59 5.1 Spectral control techniques. 59 5.1.1 Cross polarization 59 5.1.2 Notch filtering 59 5.1.3 UWB modulation and c
7、hannelization schemes . 61 5.1.4 Frequency hopping. 61 5.1.5 Chirp signalling 61 5.1.6 Frequency agile modulation. 62 5.1.7 Carrier-leak-free burst oscillator 62 5.2 Spatial radiation control techniques 63 5.2.1 Antenna directivity. 63 5.2.2 Multiple antenna diversity . 63 5.2.3 Array antenna. 63 5.
8、3 Combined techniques 63 5.4 Detect and avoid technique. 63 Annex 1 to 5 Spectral control mitigation techniques. 64 1 Smoothing the PSD of UWB signals 64 2 Impact of the pseudo-noise code sequence on UWB PSD. 64 3 Effects of pulse shapes on the PSD of UWB signals . 67 4 Summary of analytical studies
9、 69 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 3 Page Annex 1 Studies related to the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the mobile service 119 1 Land mobile service except IMT-2000 119 1.1 PCS land mobile services . 119 1.2 Interference effect of UWB mass deployment on GSM 900 MHz
10、 systems. 127 1.3 Impact on the land mobile service 131 1.4 WiBro service . 132 1.5 Cellular mobile services (824-849 MHz/869-894 MHz) 134 1.6 Impact of devices using UWB technology on both IMT-2000 and land mobile except IMT-2000 terminals 138 2 Maritime mobile service. 148 2.1 Introduction. 148 2.
11、2 Assumptions and calculations. 149 2.3 Results. 150 2.4 Conclusions. 150 3 Aeronautical service . 154 3.2 Results. 159 4 IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000. 172 4.1 Introduction. 172 4.2 Scope. 172 4.3 Assumed UWB technical characteristics and usage. 173 4.4 Victim IMT-2000 receiver characteristi
12、cs and deployment scenarios . 177 4.5 Interference scenarios . 182 4.6 Methodologies for interference assessment 184 4.7 Studies and results 192 4.8 Summary and conclusions 226 5 Wireless access systems including RLANs 229 5.1 Introduction and summary 229 5.2 Model and scenario. 229 5.3 UWB interfer
13、ence effects on IEEE 802.11a. 232 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 Page 5.4 UWB interference effects on IEEE 802.11b. 241 5.5 Interference distances for IEEE 802.11a derived from measured C/I 260 6 Amateur and amateur-satellite service . 272 6.1 Amateur and amateur-satellite services in 420 MHz 10.5 GHz 272 6.2
14、 Deployment scenarios. 272 6.3 Activity factor. 273 6.4 Technical characteristics of amateur systems. 273 6.5 Aggregation 273 6.6 Mitigation techniques . 274 6.7 Frequency bands of interest 274 6.8 Characteristics of amateur stations . 275 6.9 Particular scenarios for study Amateur service . 276 6.1
15、0 Amateur satellite service. 281 6.11 Overall conclusions 284 7 Meteorological ground based radars 285 7.1 System characteristics. 285 7.2 Impact studies . 288 7.3 Conclusion 309 Appendix 1 to Annex 1 Characterization of a mobile handset in multipath environments 310 1 Measurement approaches . 310 2
16、 Reverberation chamber. 311 3 The total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) measurements of cdma2000 mobile phones . 311 4 The average fading sensitivity (AFS) measurements of cdma2000 mobile phones. 312 5 Comparison between TIS and AFS sensitivities 312 Appendix 2 to Annex 1 313 Appendix 3 to Annex 1 315 1
17、 Input to the Correspondence Group by Sector Members . 315 Appendix 4 to Annex 1 316 1 Input to the Correspondence Group by one Administration. 316 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 5 Page Appendix 5 to Annex 1 317 1 Input to the Correspondence Group by a Sector Member 317 2 Mobile forward/reverse antenna gain. 31
18、7 3 Transmit 317 4 Receive . 317 Annex 2 Studies related to the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the fixed service. 321 1 Summary. 321 1.1 Fixed service objectives and characteristics . 324 1.2 Representative scenarios for bands below 11 GHz 334 1.3 Initi
19、al evaluations of upper-bounds of UWB interference to FWA and P-P systems in the selected scenarios below 11 GHz . 344 1.4 Determination of UWB e.i.r.p. levels for FS protection considering mitigation parameters and multiple scenarios aggregation in bands below 10.6 GHz 386 1.5 Studies on impact of
20、short range radars for automotive applications on FS in bands around 24 GHz . 394 Appendix 1 to Annex 2 Evaluation of mitigation factors KBand KLoS. 432 1 KBfactor 432 2 KLoSfactor. 433 Appendix 2 to Annex 2 One practical test for evaluating reflection impact 435 Annex 3 Studies related to the impac
21、t of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the fixed-satellite service. 437 1 FSS earth stations characteristics . 437 2 UWB interference into FSS uplinks . 437 3 UWB interference into FSS downlinks 441 3.1 Single interferer 441 3.2 Aggregate interference 444 3.3 Conclu
22、sion for FSS downlink. 456 4 Conclusions for FSS studies (uplink and downlink) 457 6 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 Page Annex 4 Studies related to the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the mobile-satellite service and the radionavigation satellite service. 459 1 Mobi
23、le-satellite service (MSS). 459 1.1 Search and rescue systems 459 1.2 Mobile-satellite services Service links of GSO MSS systems 465 2 Radionavigation satellite service 481 2.1 Introduction. 481 2.2 The global positioning system (GPS) . 483 2.3 Galileo. 507 2.4 GLONASS 547 Annex 5 Studies related to
24、 the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the broadcasting service and the broadcasting-satellite service. 559 1 Impact of UWB systems on terrestrial broadcasting 559 1.1 Assessment of the impact of UWB systems on the T-DAB system. 559 1.2 ISDB-TSBsystem 576
25、1.3 Assessment of the impact of UWB systems on the DVB-T system. 577 1.4 Assessment of the impact of UWB systems on ATSC digital television. 596 1.5 ISDB-T system . 614 1.6 Analogue television broadcasting. 616 2 Impact of devices using UWB technology on satellite broadcasting systems . 618 2.1 Sate
26、llite broadcasting service in the bands 1 452-1 492 MHz and 2 320-2 345 MHz 621 2.2 BSS(S) satellite system in the band 1 467-1 492 MHz 625 2.3 Satellite broadcasting service using code division multiplexing technology in the band 2 605-2 655 MHz . 626 2.4 Satellite broadcasting services in the band
27、s 1 452-1 492 MHz, 2 310-2 360 MHz and 2 5352 655 MHz. 628 2.5 Satellite broadcasting service in the 12 GHz and 17 GHz range 629 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 7 Page Annex 6 Studies related to the impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within the Earth exploration satellite, spa
28、ce research service 630 1 Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) . 630 1.1 EESS (active) in the 5 GHz band . 630 1.2 Earth exploration-satellite. 634 1.3 Description of an EESS (passive) system. 641 1.4 EESS (passive) except the band 23.6-24 GHz 644 1.5 Interference analysis between EESS (passiv
29、e) and vehicular radar systems at 24 GHz 655 2 Space research service (including deep space) and space operation service 668 2.1 Interference analysis in the 2 025-2 110 MHz band. 668 2.2 2 200-2 290 MHz band. 670 2.3 Preliminary conclusion about the bands 2 025-2 110 and 2 200-2 290 MHz 671 2.4 8 4
30、00-8 450 MHz band, SRS (deep space). 671 2.5 Conclusion about the SRS bands 672 3 Studies related to the impact of devices using UWB technology on systems operating within the radio astronomy service. 673 3.1 Impact on the radio astronomy service. 673 Annex 7 Test measurements related to the impact
31、of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within radiocommunication services 685 1 Test measurements related to the impact on systems operating within the land mobile services except IMT-2000 685 1.1 Laboratory test measurements: GSM-based land mobile. 685 1.2 Field test for 1
32、device using UWB technology. 693 1.3 Field tests for 1, 2 and 4 devices using UWB technology 695 2 Test measurements related to the impact on systems operating within IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 . 698 2.1 Experimental data on IMT-DS and UWB impact 698 3 Test measurements related to the impa
33、ct on systems operating within wireless access including RLAN . 707 3.1 Field measurement of interference to IEEE 802.11a from device using UWB technology. 707 8 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 Page 3.2 Lab measurements of the impact of short-pulse ultra-wideband emissions on IEEE 802.11a systems 709 4 Test meas
34、urements related to fixed service degradation due to UWB interference. 717 4.1 Introduction. 717 5 Test measurements on FSS degradation due to UWB interference 724 5.1 Measurements . 724 6 Experimental measurement of interference from UWB to satellite digital multimedia broadcasting 745 Appendix 1 t
35、o Annex 7 Lab measurements of the impact of short-pulse UWB emissions on IEEE 802.11a systems UWB spectral plots (Cellonics, PRF = 25 MHz) 747 Appendix 2 to Annex 7 Fixed service receiver characteristics used for test in 7.4 . 750 1 Spectral characteristics . 750 2 Other relevant FS system character
36、istics 750 Appendix 3 to Annex 7 UWB signals Additional information 751 1 Implementation overview. 751 2 Signal parameters used in experiments 751 3 Spectral plots 752 Appendix 4 to Annex 7 Short-pulse UWB transmitter Additional information 756 1 Summary. 756 2 Signal parameters used in experiments
37、756 3 Spectral plots 757 Appendix 5 to Annex 7 MB-OFDM UWB transmitter Additional information . 760 Annex 8 Characteristics and protection criteria of radiocommunication services 761 1 Mobile services. 761 1.1 Land mobile services except IMT-2000 . 761 1.2 Maritime mobile service . 761 1.3 Aeronauti
38、cal service . 762 1.4 Terrestrial IMT-2000 and systems beyond. 773 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 9 Page 1.5 Wireless access systems, including radio local area networks (WAS/RLAN), operating in the mobile service in the bands 5 150-5 250 MHz, 5 250-5 350 MHz and 5 470-5 725 MHz . 774 1.6 Amateur and amateur-sa
39、tellite services 776 1.7 Meteorological radars . 784 2 Fixed service. 784 3 Fixed satellite service . 786 4 Mobile satellite service and radionavigation satellite service 790 4.1 MSS systems. 790 4.2 Radionavigation satellite services. 796 5 Broadcasting . 801 5.1 Characteristics. 801 5.2 Interferen
40、ce criteria for broadcasting 802 6 Earth exploration-satellite service and radioastronomy . 805 6.1 Earth exploration-satellite service 805 6.2 Space research (including deep space) and space operation services. 806 6.3 Radioastronomy 807 10 Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 1 Introduction This Report considers in
41、terferences from devices using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology on radiocommunication services. As a main objective, it evaluates UWB e.i.r.p. density required for the protection of radiocommunication services. The protection criteria for radiocommunication services were taken from liaison statements
42、 from the relevant Working Parties of the ITU-R, input contributions to Radiocommunication Task Group (TG) 1/8, and some from relevant ITU-R Recommendations and Reports. The technical studies consider the effect of a single device using UWB technology and/or the aggregate effect from multiple device
43、s. For the aggregate case, reference UWB deployment scenarios were defined. This Report also includes laboratory and field measurements on the impact of devices using UWB technology on radiocommunication services. As a result of the studies, the maximum e.i.r.p. density for generic devices using UWB
44、 technology is provided; assuming a minimum separation distance from the device in the case of a single interferer or a relevant deployment scenario in the case of aggregate interference. Such limits are primarily based on analytical studies. Noting the regulatory status of the victim radiocommunica
45、tion services and to ensure their full protection, conservative reference analyses have been applied. The propagation models used in the studies are presented in a specific section. Mitigation techniques for devices using UWB technology are also provided. 2 Characteristics of radiocommunication serv
46、ices 2.1 Characteristics and protection criteria of radiocommunication services Interference analyses between devices using UWB technology and radiocommunication services require knowledge of the protection criteria and the technical characteristics of potentially affected radiocommunication systems
47、. The relevant ITU-R Recommendations and Reports are listed in Annex 8 to this Report. The Recommendations and Reports in Annex 8 may not be up to date as some of them may have been modified or their status have been changed. Annex 8 also contains technical characteristics and protection criteria of
48、 potential victim systems from input contributions and from liaison statements of various Radiocommunication Working Parties. These characteristics and criteria are intended to aid interference calculations at the time of preparing this Report. The responsible Radiocommunication Working Parties may
49、have developed or adopted different values since then. 2.2 Categories of victim receivers Different interference scenarios may be identified depending on the victim receiver that is considered. It is however expected that great similarities can be found on the relevant methodologies and UWB deployment scenarios to be used for different general categories of victim receiver. Rep. ITU-R SM.2057 11 It is therefore proposed to distinguish three general categories of victim receivers: Category Designation Victim receivers Dominant interference sce
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