1、 Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 1 REPORT ITU-R SM.2092*Studies related to the impact of active services allocated in adjacent or nearby bands on Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) (2007) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 4 2 Methodology. 4 2.1 General 4 2.2 Detailed description of the flow chart
2、7 2.3 Technical appendix. 16 3 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) systems operating in the 1 400-1 427 MHz band and radiolocation service systems operating in the 1 350-1 400 MHz band. 39 3.1 EESS (passive) 39 3.2 Radiolocation service 42 3.3 Compatibility threshold 45 3.4 Interferenc
3、e assessment 45 3.5 Mitigation techniques . 70 3.6 Results of studies 74 4 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) systems operating in the 1 400-1 427 MHz band and the fixed service in the bands 1 350-1 400 MHz and 1 427-1 452 MHz band. 75 4.1 EESS (passive) 75 4.2 Fixed service. 75 4.3 C
4、ompatibility studies 80 4.4 Mitigation techniques . 89 4.5 Results of studies 90 5 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) systems operating in the 1 400-1 427 MHz band and space operation (Earth-to-space) service systems operating in the 1 427-1 429 MHz band. 91 5.1 EESS (passive) 91 *Syr
5、ia reserves its right not to accept any proposed protection criteria contained in this Report, as a result of the use of allocated frequency bands for FSS, RNSS, MSS and BSS in adjacent bands to the EESS. 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 Page 5.2 Space operation service (Earth-to-space) . 91 5.3 Interference th
6、reshold . 94 5.4 Interference assessment 95 5.5 Mitigation techniques . 97 5.6 Results of studies 99 6 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) systems operating in the 1 400-1 427 MHz band and the mobile service in the bands 1 350-1 400 MHz and 1 427-1 452 MHz 100 6.1 EESS (passive) 100 6.
7、2 Mobile service 100 6.3 Compatibility threshold 104 6.4 Interference assessment 104 6.5 Mitigation techniques . 111 6.6 Results of studies 111 7 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) in the 23.6-24 GHz band and the ISS in the 22.55-23.55 GHz band. 113 7.1 EESS (passive) 113 7.2 Inter-sa
8、tellite service. 120 7.3 Compatibility interference criteria 127 7.4 Interference assessment 127 7.5 Mitigation techniques . 139 7.6 Conclusions. 139 8 Compatibility analysis between the EESS (passive) in the 31.3-31.5 GHz band and the FSS (Earth-to-space) and the MSS (Earth-to-space) in the 30-31 G
9、Hz band 140 8.1 EESS (passive) 140 8.2 FFS and MSS 144 8.3 Interference threshold . 149 8.4 Interference assessment 149 8.5 Mitigation technique. 173 8.6 Results of studies 174 9 Compatibility analysis between Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) (passive) systems operating in the 31.3-31.5 GH
10、z band and fixed service (FS) systems operating in the 31-31.3 GHz band 177 Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 3 Page 9.1 EESS (passive) 177 9.2 Fixed service. 178 9.3 Compatibility threshold (if applicable). 179 9.4 Interference assessment 180 9.5 Mitigation techniques . 197 9.6 Results of the studies 198 10 Compa
11、tibility analysis between EESS (passive) systems operating in the 50.2-50.4 GHz band and FSS (Earth-to-space) systems operating in the 47.2-50.2 GHz band . 199 10.1 EESS (passive) 199 10.2 FSS (Earth-to-space). 203 10.3 Interference threshold . 205 10.4 Interference assessment 205 10.5 Mitigation te
12、chniques . 220 10.6 Results of studies 220 11 Compatibility analysis between EESS (passive) systems operating in the 50.2-50.4 GHz band and the FSS (Earth-to-space) service systems operating in the 50.4-51.4 GHz band . 222 11.1 EESS (passive) 222 11.2 FSS 227 11.3 Interference threshold . 229 11.4 I
13、nterference assessment 229 11.5 Mitigation techniques . 242 11.6 Results of studies 242 12 Compatibility analysis between EESS (passive) systems operating in the 52.6-52.8 GHz band and FS systems operating in the 51.4-52.6 GHz band 244 12.1 EESS (passive) 244 12.2 Fixed service. 245 12.3 Compatibili
14、ty threshold 247 12.4 Interference assessment 247 12.5 Mitigation techniques . 259 12.6 Results of the studies 259 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 1 Introduction The passive Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) (passive) is focussing on the reception of natural emissions at much lower levels that are gen
15、erally used in other radiocommunications services. Therefore, sensors are generally more susceptible to interference from unwanted emissions of active services. Primary allocations have been made to various space services in the Earth-to-space direction such as the fixed-satellite service (FSS), mob
16、ile-satellite service (MSS) and broadcasting-satellite service (BSS) and/or to terrestrial services such as the fixed service (FS), mobile service (MS) and broadcasting service (BS), hereafter referred to as “active services”, in bands adjacent or nearby to bands allocated to the EESS (passive). Thi
17、s technical report is offering the development of different band-pairs studies. These studies provide methodology and framework for documenting the results of the interference assessment between active and EESS passive services operating in adjacent and nearby bands. The list of bands that were cons
18、idered under this study is given in the following table. The result of these studies can be found in the following sections of this Report. List of compatibility studies with the EESS (passive) EESS (passive) band Active service band 1 400-1 427 MHz 1 350-1 400 MHz (radiolocation) 1 400-1 427 MHz 1
19、350-1 400 MHz and 1 427-1 452 MHz (FS) 1 400-1 427 MHz 1 427-1 429 MHz (space operation) 1 400-1 427 MHz 1 350-1 400 MHz and 1 427-1 452 MHz (MS) 23.6-24 GHz 22.55-23.55 GHz (inter-satellite service (ISS) 31.3-31.5 GHz 30-31 GHz (FSS, MSS)31.3-31.5 GHz 31.0-31.3 GHz (FS) 50.2-50.4 GHz 47.2-50.2 GHz
20、FSS)50.2-50.4 GHz 50.4-51.4 GHz (FSS, MSS)52.6-52.8 GHz 51.4-52.6 GHz (FS) 2 Methodology 2.1 General The following general methodology defines a systematic means for deriving mutually acceptable compatibility criteria between operators of active and passive services operating in their allocated ban
21、ds. The flow diagram (Fig. 2-1) summarizes the methodology with each individual step described in detail in 2.2 below. As the procedure is iterative, several cycles might be required before a solution is found. The first step is to determine the transmission parameters of the active service (box (i)
22、 The starting point is the worst-case scenario that is used to determine whether there is the potential for detrimental interference to passive services by any and all types of active services operating in an Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 5 adjacent or nearby band. This worst-case power level could often be d
23、etermined from existing regulatory limits (box (1), such as the pfds found in RR Article 21. Such regulatory limits for the power transmitted by the active service must then be used to determine the worst-case level of unwanted emission into the passive band (box (ii). The following step is to deter
24、mine if this worst-case interference level is higher than the passive service interference threshold for the band under consideration (diamond (a). These threshold levels are given in various ITU-R Recommendations (box (2) such as Recommendations ITU-R RA.769 or ITU-R RS.1029. If this interference t
25、hreshold is higher than the worst-case level of unwanted emissions in the band, then there is no adverse impact to the passive service operations. In this case the methodology follows the “Yes” line and the process terminates. At this point, as at all other end points in the methodology, the assumpt
26、ions used to achieve the end point form the technical basis for a compatible working arrangement between the active and passive services involved. How these technical assumptions and their resulting conclusions are used is a regulatory exercise and is beyond the technical scope of this Recommendatio
27、n. However, for the case of diamond (a), if the interference is assessed to be greater than the passive service criteria, then it is necessary to follow the “No” branch to diamond (b). On the first iteration, no new information is available so the path continues to box (iii). On later iterations, th
28、e threshold in diamond (b) may be different from the passive service criteria used in diamond (a) as a consequence of modified or additional parameters and burden sharing. These modified or additional parameters may result from diamonds (c), (d) or (e). Diamond (b) allows a further assessment whethe
29、r compatibility has been achieved. If such is the case the process follows along the “Yes” branch, and the procedure ends. If such is not the case, the discrepancy has to be assessed, whereby in reaching diamonds (c), (d) or (e) the following alternatives should be investigated: refine the emission
30、parameters of the active service such as the actual system parameters, available prime power, etc. and/or; refine the reception parameters in the passive band, and/or; develop further mitigation techniques for both the active and passive services, which may include both alternatives (a) and (b). 6 R
31、ep. ITU-R SM.2092 FIGURE 2-1 Process for the evaluation of adjacent and nearby band operation of passive and active services When during the assessment of discrepancies, as indicated in box (iii), it is shown that the divergence between the two levels is large, then it is clear that the assumptions
32、used in the first Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 7 iteration are insufficient to resolve the issue and more detailed assumptions about the characteristics and operations of both services must be made. However, if the divergence is small, it may be possible to modify slightly one of the underlying assumptions so
33、 as to enable converging on a solution on the next iteration. A review of the data at hand may suggest what additional assumptions might be beneficial. From this consideration, either one or more of the active service parameters, passive service parameters, the compatibility criteria or possible mit
34、igation methods can be considered for modification in successive iterations. As many iterations will take place as necessary to either completely close the gap or to have exhausted all potential solutions. If all possible solutions have been exhausted and no compatible operation appears to be possib
35、le, then the method ends with a “consultative solution”. This implies that the only possible solution is for a specific active system to consult with a specific passive service system operator, in order to achieve a one-to-one solution, if that is possible. Specifics of such a consultative solution
36、are outside the purview of this Recommendation. This methodology only addresses the potential interference from a single active service operating in its allocated band. Noting that EESS (passive) may receive interference simultaneously from multiple services, additional consideration may be required
37、 to account for the aggregate effects of multiple active services. 2.2 Detailed description of the flow chart 2.2.1 Box (1): Existing ITU documents This box refers to documents that may be relevant for determining transmitter emissions. The following Articles of the Radio Regulations (RR) and ITU-R
38、Recommendations and Reports are relevant to determining transmitter power that may fall into passive bands, and are provided for reference. These regulations and recommendations are to be used as the starting point in the evaluation of potential active service unwanted emissions into passive service
39、 bands. Radio Regulations RR Articles 1, 5, 21, 22, RR Appendix 3. ITU-R Recommendations ITU-R F.758: Considerations in the development of criteria for sharing between the terrestrial fixed service and other services ITU-R F.1191: Bandwidths and unwanted emissions of digital fixed service systems IT
40、U-R SM.326: Determination and measurement of the power of amplitude-modulated radio transmitters ITU-R SM.328: Spectra and bandwidth of emissions ITU-R SM.329: Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain ITU-R SM.1446: Definition and measurement of intermodulation products in transmitter using frequen
41、cy, phase, or complex modulation techniques ITU-R SM.1539: Variation of the boundary between the out-of-band and spurious domains required for the application of Recommendations ITU-R SM.1541 and ITU-R SM.329 ITU-R SM.1540: Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain falling into adjacent allocated
42、 bands ITU-R SM.1541: Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain. 8 Rep. ITU-R SM.2092 Some data may be needed beyond what these Recommendations provide. This includes: the duty cycle of the systems; the geographic distribution and densities of the emitters including deployment densities; the ante
43、nna aiming or scanning for radiodetermination systems or Earth-to-space transmissions; the beam coverage for space-to-Earth transmissions; relevant spectral masks; and antenna patterns. Not all of the required data may be available. for all items listed above. Assumptions may be necessary for some p
44、arameters. Other information such as deployment may require the development of models. 2.2.2 Box (2): Existing ITU documents This box refers to documents relevant to the selection of the appropriate passive service criteria for protection from interference. The various passive service criteria, each
45、 developed by the working party responsible for the respective passive services, serve as the input of diamond (a) on the flowchart. These Recommendations have been developed, over time, in order to assist other working parties dealing with active services in evaluating the potential for interferenc
46、e from their respective services into the passive services. The list of Recommendations to be considered is as follows: ITU-R Recommendations ITU-R RA.769: Protection criteria used for radio astronomical measurements ITU-R RA.1513: Levels of data loss to radio astronomy observations and percentage-o
47、f-time criteria resulting from degradation by interference for frequency bands allocated to the radio astronomy on a primary basis ITU-R RS.1028: Performance criteria for satellite passive remote sensing ITU-R RS.1029: Interference criteria for satellite passive remote sensing. 2.2.3 Box (3): Evalua
48、te interference The function of this box is to allow for the passive service to generate a new sharing criterion based on the information provided from boxes (5) and (6). As an example, lower side-lobe levels might be assumed than the 0 dBi receive antenna gain figure currently assumed for the RAS.
49、If this were the case, the process of re-calculating the sharing criteria would be done in box (3). To evaluate interference from non-GSO FSS systems to stations in the RAS, the methodology of Recommendation ITU-R S.1586 should be used. Likewise, to evaluate interference from non-GSO MSS and RNSS systems to stations in the RAS, the methodology of Recommendation ITU-R M.1583 should be used. 2.2.4 Boxes (4), (5) and (6): New information The function of the box is to accommodate new information brought into the sharing study while it proceeds through multiple iterati
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