1、 Report ITU-R SM.2182(09/2010)Measurement facilities available for the measurement of emissions from both GSO and non-GSO space stationsSM SeriesSpectrum managementii Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical
2、use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World
3、and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for
4、the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of
5、 ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amat
6、eur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Repo
7、rt was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2011 ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 1 REPORT I
8、TU-R SM.2182 Measurement facilities available for the measurement of emissions from both GSO and non-GSO space stations (Question ITU-R 232/1) (2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction 1 2 Satellite orbital resources . 1 3 Satellite facilities 2 4 Conclusion 2 Annex 1 Space Radio Monitoring Facil
9、ities in Germany . 2 Annex 2 Space Radio Monitoring Facilities in China 11 Annex 3 Space Radio Monitoring Facilities in the United States of America . 17 Annex 4 Space Monitoring Facilities in the Republic of Korea . 21 Annex 5 Space Radio Monitoring Facilities in Japan . 26 Annex 6 Space Radio Moni
10、toring Facilities in Ukraine . 35 Annex 7 Space Radio Monitoring Facilities in Kazakhstan . 40 1 Introduction The tasks of radio monitoring services related to emissions of both geostationary orbit (GSO) and non-geostationary orbit (non-GSO) space stations are in principle the same as for terrestria
11、l radio services. The monitoring of emissions from terrestrial stations and space stations, however, is different in terms of technique and method. This Report provides information about space monitoring facilities operated by telecommunications regulatory authorities around the World. 2 Satellite o
12、rbital resources The orbital slots for geostationary satellites are a valuable and scarce resource and therefore the knowledge of the operational status of geostationary satellites recorded in the ITU Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) is useful to administrations spectrum management dep
13、artments. 2 Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 Non-GSO satellite orbits present additional challenges, since the satellites are always moving in their orbital plane and therefore are not easily monitored. It should be understood that the necessity to locate and eliminate the harmful interference to and from space s
14、tations may become important for administrations under whose jurisdiction no satellites have been notified to resolve terrestrial interference cases involving satellites. 3 Satellite facilities Several monitoring earth stations operated by telecommunications regulatory authorities already exist in v
15、arious parts of the World and are capable of collecting data relating to radiated emissions from space stations. Some of them are equipped with so called transmitter location systems enabling the geolocation of interference sources on the surface of the Earth that are affecting space satellites. The
16、 technical challenges in the set-up and operation of such monitoring stations, the substantial amount of budget required and, last but not least, the necessity of having monitoring station operators with sufficient experience call for close cooperation between these stations. 4 Conclusion The worldw
17、ide available space radio monitoring facilities operated by telecommunications regulatory authorities are presented in the Annexes in order to facilitate mutual cooperation of these stations. The locations of these facilities and contact information are provided, and these stations may be able to as
18、sist other administrations in cases involving satellite interference or monitoring. Each of the stations listed can cover a portion of the geostationary arc around its geographic location. The entire geostationary arc range is covered by the listed facilities. NOTE 1 Although a satellite is “in view
19、” from a particular monitoring location, the GSO satellite downlink beam patterns (footprints) and the non-GSO orbit paths affect whether signals can be monitored. Annex 1 Space Radio Monitoring Facilities in Germany Station Leeheim of the German Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency) 1 Descript
20、ive specifications of the space radio monitoring station 1.1 General description The Space Radio Monitoring Station Leeheim belongs to the “Bundesnetzagentur fr Elektrizitt, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen” (Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Posts and Rail
21、ways) or in short “Bundesnetzagentur”/“Federal Network Agency”. Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 3 The Agencys responsibilities include spectrum management and spectrum monitoring. The Monitoring Station Leeheim is located on the river Rhine approximately 35 km south-west of Frankfurt/Main. Its full-motion antenn
22、as of up to 12 m in diameter are pointed towards satellites in space. These antennas do not serve commercial transmission purposes. They form the heart of an installation used to monitor the frequency spectrum allocated to space radio services and to detect interference on frequencies used for satel
23、lite communications. 1.2 Functions As an aid for planning and coordination General orbit observations reveal the actual use of the frequency spectrum for space services. This includes satellite transponder occupancy measurements and the determination of orbital positions in the geostationary orbit.
24、Specific frequency occupancy observations, for example in conjunction with radio-frequency coordination procedures, enable potential interference to be detected early during the planning stage of satellite systems. Field experiments can support the optimization of theoretical models that facilitate
25、the shared use of frequencies by space and terrestrial services. As a tool for satellite positioning and operation Pre-launch observations on telemetry and tracking frequencies guarantee the successful positioning of geostationary satellites. Monitoring satellite emissions, transponder occupancy and
26、 satellite positions is an indispensable tool which enables the competent authorities to check whether a satellite is operated as advance published, coordinated and notified internationally. Interference handling allows sources of harmful interference to be detected which otherwise would continue to
27、 hinder proper operation of satellite or terrestrial radio services. Detection of uplink interferers Cases of uplink interference, i.e. when a satellite is not the source of interference but a satellite is the victim, appear more and more. Since users have obtained direct access to satellite capacit
28、ies, the number of earth stations has risen rapidly. Earth stations are the major source of uplink interference. It can be caused by both technical and operational faults. Illicit uses of satellite transponders and cases of intentional interference to transponders have also been observed. Authoritie
29、s, operators and users have to cope with this situation. The monitoring system locates interferers by receiving their signals on two different paths, i.e. via the interfered satellite and a neighbouring satellite. The time difference and the frequency difference of the signals received at Leeheim ar
30、e processed to obtain the geographical coordinates of the transmitter. As soon as the location of the interferer is known, the interference can normally be swiftly eliminated. 1.3 System characteristics Location: 495113 N 082350 E Visible geostationary arc: 67 W to 83 E 4 Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 Antenna
31、3130 MHz-1 GHzAntenna 11.5-2.3 GHz4.3-8.5 GHz10.7-12.75 GHzAntenna 23.2-4.2 GHzAntenna41-26.5 GHzAntenna 1 Antenna 1, a 12 m Cassegrain-beam-waveguide antenna is a broadband antenna designed to cover the 1.0-13 GHz frequency range. Rather narrow feeds with optimized characteristics at 1.5-1.8 GHz an
32、d 2.1-2.3 GHz, as well as at 10.7-12.75 GHz, are a prerequisite for the so-called monopulse tracking for high precision antenna pointing. An adjustable rotary reflector and a slide-mounted feed allow switching between the frequency bands. The rather wide 4.3-8.5 GHz frequency slot of Antenna 1 does
33、not allow for monopulse tracking. However, it disposes of accurate computer controlled position tracking capability in all frequency bands. Antenna 2 Antenna 2 is a Cassegrain antenna with a narrow-band feed in the frequency range 3.2-4.2 GHz with a diameter of 8.5 m. This antenna has a limited oper
34、ational availability at the moment. Antenna 3 Antenna 3, consisting of a square of 2.4 m * 2.4 m, is composed of three sectors of dipole arrays of different size covering in total the frequency band from 130-1 000 MHz. Antenna 4 Antenna 4, a 7 m prime-focus antenna is a multiband antenna covering th
35、e range from 1-26.5 GHz. This range consists of eight sub-bands each of which overlaps slightly with the neighbouring sub-bands. The corresponding feed systems are partly of cross dipole and partly of horn type. The feed assembly is placed in the focus of the parabolic reflector. The assignment to a
36、 certain sub-band is accomplished by rotating the assembly. Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 5 This is an X-Y-mounted antenna, especially suitable for non-geostationary satellites travelling overhead. Antenna 5 Antenna 5, a 3 m prime-focus antenna with a broadband logarithmic periodic feed 1-26.5 GHz, is mainly u
37、sed in the Ka-band from 17.7-21.2 GHz. The antenna is mounted as a king-post antenna only for geostationary arc. Omnidirectional antennas The station disposes also of omnidirectional antennas to observe simultaneously all emissions from the sky in a certain frequency band, e.g. of a multi-satellite
38、system. The frequency range is 100-2 500 MHz. Computer-controlled antenna tracking Computer-controlled antenna tracking of Antennas 1, 3 and 4 allows to follow geostationary or non-geostationary satellites by means of the so-called “two line elements” (TLE). Antenna parameters A summary of the param
39、eters of Antennas 1-5 is shown in Table 1. Transmitter location system The transmitter location system is designed to identify the location of radio transmitters on Earth. The concept is to find the parameters of the triangle between the wanted transmitter and two satellites by means of time and fre
40、quency measurements. The system works via two monitoring antennas both operating in the same frequency bands. Either the combination of Antenna 1 with Antenna 4 or of the combination of Antenna 2 with Antenna 4 or of the combination of Antenna 5 with Antenna 4 along with the interfered and an adjace
41、nt satellite form the measurement constellation. An example for the results of such measurements is depicted in Fig. 1. Reference transmitter for the transmitter location system The four reference transmitter units transmit reference signals for the transmitter location system and can also be used a
42、s a calibrator for the correction for the satellite orbital elements. This permits the performance of self-contained measurements which do not have to rely on possibly insufficient orbital data and external reference emissions. The transmitters can also be operated mobile within Germany. The uplink
43、frequency ranges are: C-Band: 5 850-6 850 MHz, Ku-Band: 12 750-14 500 MHz, Ka-Band: 17 300-18 400 MHz. Frequency range The frequency range of the station extends from 130 MHz to 26.5 GHz without any gap. TLS operation is limited to frequencies available at the Antennas 1, 2 and 5. They cover all the
44、 bands of the fixed-satellite service (space-to-Earth) up to 21.2 GHz. In detail the frequency bands are: 1.5-1.8/2.1-2.3/3.2-4.2/4.3-8.5/10.7-12.75/17.7-21.2 GHz. Frequency spectrum recorder The frequency spectrum recorder can be connected to any antenna of the station. Six frequency bands of width
45、s of up to 100 MHz each can be chosen freely. The spectra of these bands can be scanned quasi-simultaneously in a time-sharing mode and displayed in spectrograms. 6 Rep. ITU-R SM.2182 Device for measurements below the noise floor To measure emissions of low power flux-densities a monitoring method i
46、s available where the noise floor can be suppressed by typically 12 to 15 dB. This is achieved by multiple measurements of successive spectra, signal digitizing and processing. This device allows displaying spectra below the noise floor up to 100 MHz wide according to Recommendation ITU-R SM.1681. 1
47、.4 Measurement parameters The station can measure or determine emission characteristics such as: frequency; Doppler frequency shift; spectrum and bandwidth; class of emission and type of modulation; polarization; power flux-density in the reference bandwidth; total power flux-density; e.i.r.p. In ca
48、se of TV emissions: sound subcarrier frequencies; coding; programme sources, etc. Due to sufficient angular velocities of the four antennas in azimuth and elevation, these parameters can be measured even in conjunction with non-geostationary satellites. The station can measure and record orbital tra
49、cks in the frequency range 1.5-1.8 GHz; 2.1-2.3 GHz and 10.75-12.75 GHz with monopulse tracking. 2 Tasks 2.1 Spectrum occupancy monitoring Monitoring the spectrum occupancy means to systematically observe the radio-frequency spectrum in order to achieve the following objectives: to identify the basic characteristics of all discoverable emissions from space stations; to determine whether limits are exceeded or whether there are deviations from the internationally published, coordinated and/or notified data; to derive the data of
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