1、 Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.1056-1 Limitation of radiation from industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment (Question ITU-R 70/1) (1994-2007) Scope This Recommendation provides limits of radiation from various ISM devices and gives advice on how to use the limits in Public
2、ation 11 of International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR). The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that No. 1.15 of the Radio Regulations (RR) defines ISM applications (of radio-frequency energy) as operation of equipment or appliances designed to generate and use locally
3、 radio-frequency energy for industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar purposes, excluding applications in the field of telecommunications; b) that ISM equipment has the potential to cause harmful interference to radiocommunication services and applications throughout the spectrum; c) that
4、 for the optimum use of the frequency spectrum, it is necessary to lay down limits of radiation from ISM equipment outside the bands designated for their use; d) that due to the different operating environments and characteristics of ISM equipment several categories of limits are necessary; e) that
5、radio services operating in the bands designated for use by ISM equipment prior to WARC-79 are required to accept harmful interference and that radiation limits are necessary in all other bands to protect radio services; f) that radiation from ISM equipment may be costly and technically difficult to
6、 suppress and thus development of suppression requirements must take into consideration physical, technological, economic, operational and safety aspects of ISM usage to avoid unnecessarily severe measures; g) that equipment meeting the radiation limits, which are compromise values, may in some circ
7、umstances cause harmful interference; and, there needs to be provisions for measures to be taken to eliminate or reduce interference in individual cases; h) that the legal and administrative provisions differ in different countries and thus administrations have different methods of applying and enfo
8、rcing limits; j) that the International Electrotechnical Commission/International Special Committee on Radio Interference (IEC/CISPR) has developed limits and taken into account the principles outlined in e) and f) and the requirements to harmonize the procedures for the control of interference in o
9、rder to eliminate technical barriers to trade; 2 Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 k) that the interference potential depends on the location of ISM equipment within the users premises and that the measuring distance and the point of reference for in situ measurements have to be taken into account; l) that sever
10、e difficulties could arise if different limits were to be recommended by different international bodies for the same class of equipment, noting a) that, for ISM applications, the frequencies typically used by ISM equipment and some current and future ISM applications are shown in Annex 1; b) that, a
11、lthough the ITU has designated specific frequency bands for ISM applications, other operating frequencies are also being used where practical constraints do not permit the usage of the designated bands; c) that CISPR Publication 23 “Determination of limits for industrial, scientific and medical equi
12、pment” provides details of the derivation of limits; d) that information technology equipment (ITE) which use RF energy have not been considered by the CISPR as ISM equipment and CISPR Publication 22, contain a guide for the application of limits and methods of measurements for ITE; e) that RF light
13、ing device operating in the ISM frequency bands 2.45 and 5.8 GHz (and 915 MHz band for Region 2 as defined by the RR) have been considered as ISM equipment in CISPR Publication 11, and other type lighting devices are covered in CISPR Publication 15, recognizing a) that Resolution 63 (Rev.WRC-03) res
14、olves that to ensure that radiocommunication services are adequately protected, studies are required on the limits to be imposed on the radiation from ISM equipment within the frequency bands designated in the Radio Regulations for this use and outside of those bands, in close collaboration with CIS
15、PR; b) that Resolution 952 (WRC-03) resolves to invite CISPR to use the definition of ISM application as show in No. 1.15 of RR, until a new definition is developed in ITU-R in collaboration with CISPR, recommends 1 that administrations may use the latest edition of CISPR Publication 11, including a
16、mendments, as a guide for the application of limits and methods of measurements for ISM devices, in order to protect radiocommunications; 2 that continued cooperation with the CISPR should be initiated to ensure that radiocommunication needs are fully taken into consideration. Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 3
17、 Annex 1 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications 1 Introduction This Annex includes the ITU definition of ISM applications, a list of frequencies typically used by ISM equipment and describes some current and future ISM applications. 2 ISM applications According to RR No. 1.15, ISM app
18、lication is the operation of equipment or appliances designed to generate and use locally radio-frequency energy for industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar purposes, excluding applications in the field of telecommunications. A partial list of ISM applications and equipment include: Ind
19、uction heating equipment (below 1 MHz) domestic induction cookers metal melting billet heating tube welding soldering and brazing component heating spot welding selective surface heat treating of metal parts semiconductor crystal growing and refining seam bonding of autobody surfaces package sealing
20、 heating strip steel for galvanizing, annealing and paint drying RF dielectric heating equipment (1-100 MHz) veneer and lumber drying textile drying fibreglass drying paper and paper coating drying plastic pre-heating plastic welding and moulding food post baking and drying meat and fish thawing fou
21、ndry core drying glue drying film drying adhesive curing material preheating Medical equipment short-wave and microwave diathermy and hyperthermia equipment electrical surgical units (ESU) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ultrasonic diagnostic imaging Microwave equipment (above 900 MHz) domestic and
22、 commercial microwave ovens food tempering, thawing and cooking UV paint and coating curing rubber vulcanization pharmaceutical processing Miscellaneous equipment RF excited arc welders spark erosion equipment Laboratory and scientific equipment signal generators measuring receivers frequency counte
23、rs flow meters spectrum analysers weighing machines chemical analysis machines electronic microscopes switched mode power supplies (not incorporated in an equipment) 4 Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 2.1 Current applications The frequencies currently employed for industrial, scientific, medical and other non-c
24、ommunications applications cover a very wide spectrum including frequencies other than those designated by the RR. A number of ISM equipments use frequencies of undefined tolerance and stability and some of them use frequencies allocated to the safety services and radionavigation services. Table 1 p
25、rovides a summary of some of the ISM applications in various frequency bands. TABLE 1 ISM equipment in current use Frequency (MHz) Major applications RF power (typical) Estimated No. in use Below 0.15 Industrial induction heating (welding and melting of metals)Ultrasonic cleaning (15-30 kHz) Medical
26、 applications (ultrasonic diagnostic imaging) 10 kW-10 MW 20-1 000 W 100-1 000 W 100 000 100 000 10 000 0.15-1 Induction heating (heat treating, package sealing, welding and melting of metals) Ultrasonic medical diagnostics 1 kW-1 MW 100-1 000 W 100 000 100 000 1-10 Surgical diathermy (1-10 MHz damp
27、ened wave oscillator) Wood gluing and wood curing (3.2 and 6.5 MHz) Valve induction generators production of semi-conductor material RF arc stabilized welding (1-10 MHz dampened wave oscillator) 100-1 000 W 10 kW-1.5 MW 1-200 kW 2-10 kW 100 000 1 000 10 000 10-100 Dielectric heating (the majority op
28、erate on frequencies in the ISM bands at 13.56, 27.12 and 40.68 MHz, but many also operate on frequencies outside the ISM bands) ceramics foundry core drying textile drying business products (books, paper, gluing and drying) food (post baking, meat and fish thawing) solvent drying wood drying and gl
29、uing (veneer and lumber drying) general dielectric drying plastic heating (die sealing and plastic embossing) 15-300 kW 15-300 kW 15-200 kW 5-25 kW 10-100 kW 5-400 kW 5-1 000 kW 1-50 kW (most 1 000 1 000 10 000 100 000 10 000 Medical applications medical diathermy (27 MHz) magnetic resonance imaging
30、 (10-100 MHz in large shielded rooms) 100-1 000 W 1 000 100-1 000 Food processing (915 MHz) Medical applications (433 MHz) RF plasma generators Rubber vulcanization (915 MHz) 200 million 1 000 Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 5 2.2 Future applications Investigations into new non-communication applications of el
31、ectromagnetic energy for improving industrial processes are dramatically increasing throughout the world. These investigations are not limited to the ISM bands. Selection of the application frequency for production apparatus is based on many factors, which include, but are not limited to: availabili
32、ty of a suitable power source, RF interference potential and containment costs, safety considerations, availability of a suitable ISM frequency, and frequency optimization for the particular operation. A number of new applications promise significant social and economic benefits, which may not be av
33、ailable by any other process and also promise significant savings in energy and the environment. Areas of recent investigations include: 2.2.1 Induction heating While not a new application, new high-flux induction generators are encouraging a number of applications, such as: refining of very pure se
34、mi-conductor material, melting of metals, particularly vacuum melting for the aerospace and automotive industries. 2.2.2 Plasma chemistry The ISM bands at 27 MHz, 915 MHz and 2 450 MHz, as well as other frequencies are being investigated in the following plasma chemistry experiments: diamond growing
35、, ceramic processing and sintering, raw material processing. 2.2.3 Medical treatment Some recent investigations include: acceleration of chemical analysis using 2 450 MHz, local radiation treatment for cancer on frequencies below 400 MHz (hyperthermia), tissue fixation, magnetic resonance imaging us
36、ing 10 to 100 MHz in specially shielded rooms, treatment of hyperthermia. 2.2.4 Material and food processing environment space heating using 5 800 MHz, recovery of oil from shale using frequencies below 10 MHz, disposal of hazardous waste using microwave frequencies like 2 450 MHz, bulk thawing and
37、cooking at 915 MHz, 2 450 MHz and 5 800 MHz, clothes drying at 2 450 MHz, soil remediation, medical waste sterilization, 6 Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 pasteurization and sterilization of foods, treatment of refuse (13.56 MHz and 2 450 MHz). 2.2.5 Power transfer Most experiments on transfer of energy have o
38、ccurred at microwave frequencies, e.g., 2 450 MHz, 5 800 MHz and higher. Solar power satellite experiments are continuing at 2 450 MHz and 35 GHz; transfer of power to an aircraft at 2 450 MHz; electrified roadway a number of energy transfer stations embedded in the roadway to recharge electrically
39、powered vehicles passing overhead (915 MHz and 2 450 MHz); electromagnetic (EM) propulsion systems below 1 MHz. 3 Radiation levels inside the bands designated for ISM applications 3.1 Rationale There are at least five reasons for setting in-band limits for ISM equipment, which are: to control bio-ef
40、fects; to minimize out-of-band emissions for the protection of radio services; to minimize in-band emissions for the protection of radio services operating in the ISM bands; to minimize radio emissions for the protection of adjacent band radio services; to minimize radio emissions to protect electro
41、nic or radio services operated in the immediate vicinity of ISM equipment. The limits and methods of measurement and methods employed for bio-effects compliance are outside the scope of the ITU and the CISPR and therefore bio-effect could not be used for setting in-band limits. However, it has been
42、observed that, in many cases, compliance with the biological effects limits has not substantially reduced radiation levels at CISPR measuring distances. It should be noted reducing in-band radiation does not necessarily reduce out-of-band radiation, and that the out-of-band radiation can increase th
43、rough suppression of in-band signals. In-band limits to protect in-band radio services have not been considered because the services to be protected have not been specified. Furthermore, the setting of restrictive limits will decrease the usefulness of the ISM bands for industrial purposes. The resu
44、lt of this would be to encourage the use of ISM equipment in frequency ranges more suitable to their processes, but detrimental to radio services. The use of in-band limits to protect radio services adjacent to the ISM bands or to protect electronic or radio equipment in the vicinity of ISM operatio
45、ns is more properly dealt with as an equipment immunity issue. Therefore, this is best resolved by ensuring necessary distance separation or by incorporating adequate immunity characteristics in potential victim equipment. However, the calculation and realization of immunity is practical only if the
46、 field strengths to be encountered in practice are known. For this reason, the following table of measured levels of radiation based on measurements in a number of different countries is supplied. Rec. ITU-R SM.1056-1 7 3.2 ITU designated ISM bands and measured levels Some measurements of the radiat
47、ion levels generated by ISM equipment in the bands designated for their use have been carried out in different countries and at different locations. Table 2 gives a survey of the results. TABLE 2 Range of measured levels of field strength from ISM equipment in the ITU-designated ISM bands Frequency
48、band Centre frequency No. of appropriate Footnote to the Table of Frequency Allocations of the ITU RR Range of measured field strengths (dB(V/m)(1)6.765-6.795 MHz 6.78 MHz 5.138 80-100 13.553-13.567 MHz 13.567 MHz 5.150 80-120 26.957-27.283 MHz 27.12 MHz 5.150 70-120 40.66-40.70 MHz 40.68 MHz 5.150
49、60-120 433.05-434.79 MHz 433.92 MHz 5.138 (Region 1), 5.280 60-120 902-928 MHz(2)915 MHz 5.150 (Region 2) 60-120 2 400-2 500 MHz 2 450 MHz 5.150 30-120 5.725-5.825 GHz 5.8 GHz 5.150 No information 24.00-24.25 GHz 24.125 GHz 5.150 No information 61.00-61.50 GHz 61.25 GHz 5.138 No information 122-123 GHz 122.5 GHz 5.138 No information 244-246 GHz 245 GHz 5.138 No information (1)The field strength is that existing at
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