1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T G.1071 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (11/2016) SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Multimedia Quality of Service and performance Generic and user-related aspects Opinion
2、model for network planning of video and audio streaming applications Recommendation ITU-T G.1071 ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100G.199 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARR
3、IER-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS G.200G.299 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES G.300G.399 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC LINES G.400G.449 COORDINATION
4、OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450G.499 TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS G.600G.699 DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700G.799 DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800G.899 DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900G.999 MULTIMEDIA QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE GENERIC AND USER-RELA
5、TED ASPECTS G.1000G.1999 TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.6000G.6999 DATA OVER TRANSPORT GENERIC ASPECTS G.7000G.7999 PACKET OVER TRANSPORT ASPECTS G.8000G.8999 ACCESS NETWORKS G.9000G.9999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) i Reco
6、mmendation ITU-T G.1071 Opinion model for network planning of video and audio streaming applications Summary Recommendation ITU-T G.1071 provides algorithmic models for network planning of IP-based video services. This Recommendation addresses two application areas: the higher resolution (HR) applic
7、ation area, including services such as IPTV; the lower resolution (LR) application area, including services such as mobile TV. The algorithmic model addressing the HR application area is described in Annex A. The algorithmic model addressing the LR application area is described in Annex B. A further
8、 algorithmic model extends the HR application area to include ITU-T H.265 high efficiency video coding (HEVC), and is described in Annex C. The application of the models is limited to quality of experience (QoE/ quality of service QoS planning. Other applications such as quality benchmarking and mon
9、itoring are outside the scope of this Recommendation. As input, the models take network planning assumptions, for example, the video resolution, the audio and video codec types and profiles, the audio and video bitrates, the packet-loss-rate and the packet-loss distribution. As output, the model alg
10、orithms provide individual estimates of audio, video and audiovisual quality in terms of the five-point absolute category rating (ACR) mean opinion score (MOS) scale. Further diagnostic information on causes of quality degradations can also be made available. History Edition Recommendation Approval
11、Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T G.1071 2015-06-29 12 11.1002/1000/12512 2.0 ITU-T G.1071 2016-11-29 12 11.1002/1000/13125 Keywords Audio, audiovisual, IPTV, mean opinion score (MOS), mobile TV, network planning, quality, QoE, video. _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.in
12、t/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommun
13、ications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunic
14、ations on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedur
15、e laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecomm
16、unication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these
17、 mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU dr
18、aws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members
19、or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not repres
20、ent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/201
21、6) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 4 6 Areas of application 4 7 Model framework . 7 8 Model output information and performance details . 7 A
22、nnex A Description of the ITU-T G.1071 model algorithm for HR application area 9 A.1 Audio module . 9 A.2 Video module . 11 A.3 Audiovisual module 16 Annex B Description of the ITU-T G.1071 model algorithm for LR application area 17 B.1 Audio module . 17 B.2 Video module . 19 B.3 Audiovisual module
23、24 Annex C Description of the ITU-T G.1071 model algorithm for HR video applications using HEVC 28 C.1 Scope 28 C.2 Model framework . 29 C.3 Model output information and performance details . 30 C.4 Model algorithm . 30 Bibliography. 35 Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) 1 Recommendation ITU-T G.1071 Opini
24、on model for network planning of video and audio streaming applications 1 Scope This Recommendation provides models which deliver estimates of the impact of typical IP network impairments on the quality experienced by the end user in multimedia mobile streaming and Internet protocol television (IPTV
25、) applications over transport formats such as: real-time transport protocol (RTP) (over user datagram protocol (UDP), motion picture experts group-2 transport stream (MPEG2-TS) (over UDP or RTP/UDP), 3rd generation partnership project packet-switched steaming service (3GPP-PSS) (over RTP). The model
26、s are network planning tools. They are of help in selecting IP-network transmission settings such as the audio and video format, the audio and video codecs and the audio and video bitrates, under the assumption that the network is prone to packet loss. This Recommendation targets the same services a
27、s ITU-T P.1201 and ITU-T P.1202. In particular, this Recommendation covers the same coding technologies and unreliable network mechanisms such as UDP. Moreover, this Recommendation extends the higher resolution (HR) application area to include ITU-T H.265 high efficiency video coding (HEVC). However
28、, this Recommendation is limited to quality of experience (QoE)/ quality of service (QoS) planning, while ITU-T P.1201 and ITU-T P.1202 are dedicated to service monitoring and benchmarking. The following Recommendations have also been developed for QoE/QoS planning, but for different applications: I
29、TU-T G.107: speech (telephone band) ITU-T G.107.1: speech (wideband) ITU-T G.1070: videophone ITU-T G.1030: Appendix II: web browsing For a summary of the services, encoding and network characteristics covered by the ITU-T G.1071 model algorithms, refer to Table 1 of clause 6. 2 References The follo
30、wing ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recom
31、mendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not
32、give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T G.107 Recommendation ITU-T G.107 (2015), The E-model: a computational model for use in transmission planning. ITU-T G.107.1 Recommendation ITU-T G.107.1 (2015), Wideband E-model. ITU-T G.1030 Recommendation ITU-T G.1030 (2014)
33、, Estimating end-to-end performance in IP networks for data applications. ITU-T G.1070 Recommendation ITU-T G.1070 (2012), Opinion model for video-telephony applications. 2 Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) ITU-T H.264 Recommendation ITU-T H.264 (2014), Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual servic
34、es. ITU-T H.265 Recommendation ITU-T H.265 (2015), High Efficiency Video Coding. ITU-T P.1201 Recommendation ITU-T P.1201 (2012), Parametric non-intrusive assessment of audiovisual media streaming quality. ITU-T P.1201.1 Recommendation ITU-T P.1201.1 (2012), Parametric non-intrusive assessment of au
35、diovisual media streaming quality Lower resolution application area. ITU-T P.1201.2 Recommendation ITU-T P.1201.2 (2012), Parametric non-intrusive assessment of audiovisual media streaming quality Higher resolution application area. ITU-T P.1202 Recommendation ITU-T P.1202 (2012), Parametric non-int
36、rusive bitstream assessment of video media streaming quality. ITU-T P.1401 Recommendation ITU-T P.1401 (2012), Methods, metrics and procedures for statistical evaluation, qualification and comparison of objective quality prediction models. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendatio
37、n uses the following term defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 mean opinion score (MOS) b-ITU-T P.800.1: The mean of opinion scores, i.e., of the values on a predefined scale that subjects assign to their opinion of the performance of the telephone transmission system used either for conversation or for listeni
38、ng to spoken material. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 model, model algorithm: An algorithm used for estimating the subjective (perceived) quality of a media sequence. 3.2.2 sequence: A short decoded audio, video or audiovisual portion
39、of a stream, typically shorter than 30 seconds. 3.2.3 compression artefacts: Artefacts that are introduced due to lossy compression of the encoding process. 3.2.4 slicing artefacts: Artefacts that are introduced when packet losses are concealed through use of a packet loss concealment (PLC) scheme t
40、o repair erroneous frames. 3.2.5 freezing artefacts: Artefacts that are introduced when the packet loss concealment (PLC) scheme of the receiver replaces the erroneous frames (either due to packet loss or error propagation) with the previous error-free frame until a decoded picture without errors ha
41、s been received. Since the erroneous frames are not displayed, this type of artefact is also referred to as freezing with skipping. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: AAC Advanced Audio Coding AAC-LC Advanced Audio Coding Low Complexity Re
42、c. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) 3 AC3 Audio Coding 3 ACR Absolute Category Rating AMR-NB Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband AMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband ARQ Automatic Repeat Request DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP FB Fullband FEC Forward Error Correction GOP Group of Pictures HD High Definiti
43、on (television) HE-AAC High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding HR Higher Resolution HRC Hypothetical Reference Circuit HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol HVGA Half Video Graphics Array IPTV Internet Protocol Television LR Lower Resolution MBMS Multimedia Broadcast/Multi
44、cast Service MOS Mean Opinion Score MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group NB Narrowband NTSC National Television Standard Committee PAL Phase Alternating Line PCC Pearson Correlation Coefficient PES Packetized Elementary Stream PLC Packet Loss Concealment PVS Processed Video Sequence QCIF Quarter Commo
45、n Intermediate Format QoE Quality of Experience QoS Quality of Service QVGA Quarter Video Graphics Array RMSE Root Mean Square Error RTP Real-time Transport Protocol SD Standard Definition SRC Source Reference Channel or Circuit SWB Superwideband 4 Rec. ITU-T G.1071 (11/2016) TS Transport Stream UDP
46、 User Datagram Protocol VSP Visual Simple Profile WB Wideband 5 Conventions None. 6 Areas of application Table 1 below shows the application range of the models based on what the models have actually been developed for. The application range for the model applicable to HEVC is given in Annex C. Tabl
47、e 1 Factors and application ranges of the ITU-T G.1071 model algorithm ITU-T G.1071 Lower resolution (LR) ITU-T G.1071 Higher resolution (HR) Application information Value range, unit Sequence duration (Ts) It is expected that the model will give reliable prediction results for sequence durations wi
48、thin the range 8-24 seconds It is expected that the model will give reliable prediction results for sequence durations of approximately 8-16 seconds Packetization 3GPP MBMS, PSS or using RTSP directly (all three over RTP/UDP/IP) MPEG2-TS/RTP/UDP/IP RTP/UDP/IP (Note 3) MPEG2-TS/UDP/IP (Note 3) Video
49、codec MPEG4 visual simple profile (VSP) ITU-T H.264 baseline profile ITU-T H.264 main profile, ITU-T H.264 high profile Video size QCIF, QVGA, HVGA SD: PAL, NTSC HD: 720p, 1080p, 1080i (High profile: 1080; main profile: 720, SD) Audio codec AMR-NB, AMR-WB+, AAC-LC, HE-AAC (v1, v2) MPEG-4 AAC-LC MPEG-4 HE-AAC (V1 and V2 = 3GPP enhanced AAC+) MPEG-1 Layer 2 AC3 Coded video bitrate ITU-T H.264 QCIF: 32-1000 kbit/s QVGA: 80-3000 kbit/s HVGA: 192-6000 k
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