1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T G.978TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (07/2010) SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Digital sections and digital line system Optical fibre submarine cable systems Characteristics of optical fibre submarine
2、 cables Recommendation ITU-T G.978 ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100G.199 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS G.200G.299 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
3、 OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES G.300G.399 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC LINES G.400G.449 COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450G.499 TRANSMISSION M
4、EDIA AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS G.600G.699 DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700G.799 DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800G.899 DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900G.999 General G.900G.909 Parameters for optical fibre cable systems G.910G.919 Digital sections at hierarchical bit rates based on a bi
5、t rate of 2048 kbit/s G.920G.929 Digital line transmission systems on cable at non-hierarchical bit rates G.930G.939 Digital line systems provided by FDM transmission bearers G.940G.949 Digital line systems G.950G.959 Digital section and digital transmission systems for customer access to ISDN G.960
6、G.969 Optical fibre submarine cable systems G.970G.979Optical line systems for local and access networks G.980G.989 Access networks G.990G.999 MULTIMEDIA QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE GENERIC AND USER-RELATED ASPECTS G.1000G.1999 TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.6000G.6999 DATA OVER TRANSPO
7、RT GENERIC ASPECTS G.7000G.7999 PACKET OVER TRANSPORT ASPECTS G.8000G.8999 ACCESS NETWORKS G.9000G.9999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) i Recommendation ITU-T G.978 Characteristics of optical fibre submarine cables Summary Recommenda
8、tion ITU-T G.978 deals with the characteristics of the optical fibre submarine cables used in Recommendations ITU-T G.973, ITU-T G.973.1, ITU-T G.974 and ITU-T G.977. It covers transmission characteristics of optical fibre submarine cables, optical fibres used in submarine cables, including mechanic
9、al characteristics and resistance to the environment and other electrical characteristics. It also covers the transmission characteristics of the single- and hybrid-fibre type elementary cable sections. Any specific information regarding the characteristics of optical fibre submarine cables are incl
10、uded in the relevant optical submarine systems Recommendations. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T G.978 2006-12-14 15 2.0 ITU-T G.978 2010-07-29 15 ii Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized age
11、ncy in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view
12、 to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendati
13、ons is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for concisene
14、ss to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation
15、 is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTE
16、LLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, w
17、hether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are
18、 cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permissio
19、n of ITU. Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) iii CONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations 3 5 Characteristics of optical fibre submarine cable . 4 5.1 General . 4 5.2 Transmission characteristics of the
20、 cable . 5 5.3 Mechanical characteristics and resistance to the environment . 5 6 Characteristics of optical fibre submarine spare cable . 8 6.1 General . 8 6.2 Submarine application system type 8 6.3 Optical fibre submarine spare cable protection 8 6.4 Transmission characteristics . 9 7 Electrical
21、characteristics . 9 7.1 General . 9 7.2 Recommended parameters for specification 9 8 Characteristics of fibre in a submarine cable 9 8.1 General . 9 8.2 Optical fibre 10 8.3 Transmission characteristics of the fibre 11 8.4 Recommended parameters for specification 12 9 Transmission characteristics of
22、 elementary cable section 13 9.1 General . 13 9.2 Transmission characteristics of the single-fibre type elementary cable section . 13 9.3 Transmission characteristics of the hybrid-fibre type elementary cable section . 14 9.4 Recommended parameters for specification 14 Appendix I Optical fibre subma
23、rine cable structures and related information . 15 I.1 Cable structures 15 Bibliography. 17 Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) 1 Recommendation ITU-T G.978 Characteristics of optical fibre submarine cables 1 Scope This Recommendation deals with the characteristics of the optical fibre submarine cables used
24、in ITU-T G.973, ITU-T G.973.1, ITU-T G.974 and ITU-T G.977. An optical submarine cable can be used in: a repeatered optical submarine system; a repeaterless optical submarine system. This Recommendation specifies the characteristics of the submarine cables which can be used in the deep and shallow w
25、aters. This Recommendation covers: transmission characteristics of optical fibres in submarine cables including mechanical characteristics and resistance to the environment; characteristics of optical fibre submarine cables including mechanical characteristics and resistance to the environment and o
26、ther electrical characteristics; transmission characteristics of single- and hybrid-fibre type elementary cable sections. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At t
27、he time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed bel
28、ow. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T G.650.1 Recommendation ITU-T G.650.1 (2004), Definitions and test methods for line
29、ar, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre and cable. ITU-T G.650.2 Recommendation ITU-T G.650.2 (2007), Definitions and test methods for statistical and non-linear related attributes of single-mode fibre and cable. ITU-T G.652 Recommendation ITU-T G.652 (2009), Characteristics of a single-mo
30、de optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.653 Recommendation ITU-T G.653 (2006), Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.654 Recommendation ITU-T G.654 (2006), Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.655 Recommendation
31、ITU-T G.655 (2009), Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.656 Recommendation ITU-T G.656 (2006), Characteristics of a fibre and cable with non-zero dispersion for wideband optical transport. ITU-T G.667 Recommendation ITU-T G.667 (2006), Charac
32、teristics of adaptive chromatic dispersion compensators. 2 Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) ITU-T G.671 Recommendation ITU-T G.671 (2009), Transmission characteristics of optical components and subsystems. ITU-T G.972 Recommendation ITU-T G.972 (2008), Definition of terms relevant to optical fibre submari
33、ne cable systems. ITU-T G.973 Recommendation ITU-T G.973 (2007), Characteristics of repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems. ITU-T G.973.1 Recommendation ITU-T G.973.1 (2009), Longitudinally compatible DWDM applications for repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems. ITU-T G.974 R
34、ecommendation ITU-T G.974 (2007), Characteristics of regenerative optical fibre submarine cable systems. ITU-T G.976 Recommendation ITU-T G.976 (2010), Test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable systems. ITU-T G.977 Recommendation ITU-T G.977 (2006), Characteristics of optically amplif
35、ied optical fibre submarine cable systems. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 submarine portion: See ITU-T G.972 (1005). 3.1.2 optical submarine repeater: See ITU-T G.972 (1020). 3.1.3 cable breaking load: See ITU-T G.972 (
36、5007). 3.1.4 double armoured cable: See ITU-T G.972 (5004). 3.1.5 fibre-breaking cable load: See ITU-T G.972 (5008). 3.1.6 minimum cable bending radius: See ITU-T G.972 (5032). 3.1.7 nominal operating tensile strength: See ITU-T G.972 (5010). 3.1.8 nominal permanent tensile strength: See ITU-T G.972
37、 (5009). 3.1.9 nominal transient tensile strength: See ITU-T G.972 (5011). 3.1.10 rock armoured cable: See ITU-T G.972 (5005). 3.1.11 single armoured cable: See ITU-T G.972 (5003). 3.1.12 relative dispersion slope: See b-ITU-T G-Sup.40. 3.1.13 terminal transmission equipment: See ITU-T G.972 (1010).
38、 3.1.14 optical fibre submarine cable: The submarine cable using optical fibres as transmission line. (1019 in ITU-T G.972). 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 elementary cable section: The whole length of optical fibre cable between two p
39、ieces of equipment (repeaters, branching units or terminal transmission equipment). (1028 in ITU-T G.972). In this Recommendation, two types of elementary cable section are described: single-fibre type elementary cable section; hybrid-fibre type elementary cable section. Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) 3
40、 3.2.1.1 single-fibre type elementary cable section: Elementary cable section consisting of a single type of optical fibre. 3.2.1.2 hybrid-fibre type elementary cable section: Elementary cable section consisting of more than one type of optical fibres. G.978(06)_F01Elementary cable section (1028)Tx
41、RxTx Rxa) Elementary cable section of repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systemElementary cable section 1(1028)Elementary cable section 2(1028)b) Elementary cable section of optically amplified optical fibre submarine cable systemFibre AElementary cable section (1028)c) Single-fibre type ele
42、mentary cable section Fibre A Fibre BElementary cable section (1028)d) Hybrid-fibre type elementary cable sectionNOTE (1028) indicates a classification number used in ITU-T G.972.RepeaterFigure 1 Definitions for elementary cable section 4 Abbreviations This Recommendation uses the following abbrevia
43、tions: AeffEffective area CBL Cable Breaking Load CSF Cut-off Shifted single-mode Fibre DA cable Double Armoured cable DCF Dispersion Compensating single-mode Fibre DGD Differential Group Delay DSF Dispersion Shifted single-mode Fibre gRRaman gain coefficient DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
44、ing DWDMS Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems LEF Large Effective area single-mode Fibre LW cable LightWeight cable 4 Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) LWP cable LightWeight Protected cable n2/AeffNon-linear coefficient NDF Negative Dispersion single-mode Fibre NOTS Nominal Operating Tensile Str
45、ength NPTS Nominal Permanent Tensile Strength NTTS Nominal Transient Tensile Strength NZDSF Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted single-mode Fibre OFA Optical Fibre Amplifier PDF Positive Dispersion single-mode Fibre PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion RA cable Rock Armoured cable RDS Relative Dispersion Slope
46、SA cable Single Armoured cable SMF non-dispersion shifted Single-Mode Fibre SWS Single Wavelength Systems TTE Terminal Transmission Equipment WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDMS Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems WNZDF Wideband Non-Zero Dispersion single-mode Fibre 5 Characteristics of o
47、ptical fibre submarine cable 5.1 General The optical fibre submarine cable is designed to ensure protection of optical fibres against water pressure, longitudinal water propagation, chemical aggression and the effects of hydrogen contamination throughout the cable design life. The optical fibre subm
48、arine cable is designed also to ensure that there will be no fibre performance degradations when the cable is laid, buried, recovered and operated using standard undersea practices. Based on application, the optical fibre submarine cable can be: a repeatered submarine cable; a repeaterless submarine
49、 cable. Based on cable protection, the optical fibre submarine cable can be: the lightweight cable (LW cable); the lightweight protected cable (LWP cable); the single armoured cable (SA cable); the double armoured cable (DA cable); the rock armoured cable (RA cable). Typical cable structures for LW, SA and DA cables are shown in Appendix I. Rec. ITU-T G.978 (07/2010) 5 5.2 Transmission characteristics of the cable Generall
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